{"id":541,"date":"2025-12-27T17:20:54","date_gmt":"2025-12-27T08:20:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=541"},"modified":"2025-12-27T17:29:11","modified_gmt":"2025-12-27T08:29:11","slug":"chap-03-%ea%b5%ac%ec%a1%b0%eb%b0%a9%ec%a0%95%ec%8b%9d%eb%aa%a8%eb%8d%b8%eb%a7%81sem%ea%b3%bc-%ec%9d%b8%ea%b3%bc%ec%b6%94%eb%a1%a0-%ec%83%81%ea%b4%80%ea%b4%80%ea%b3%84%eb%a5%bc-%eb%84%98%ec%96%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=541","title":{"rendered":"Chap 03. \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1(SEM)\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860: \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc11c"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \uc11c\ub860: SEM\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc801\ud569\ub3c4 \ub180\uc774\uc778\uac00?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad50\uc721\ud559\uc774\ub098 \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud558\ub2e4 \ubcf4\uba74 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ub298 \uc774\ub7f0 \uacbd\uace0\ub97c \ub4e3\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <strong>&#8220;\uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc99d\uba85\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4(Correlation does not prove causation).&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc544\uc774\ub7ec\ub2c8\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd(SEM)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uacbd\ub85c \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \ud654\uc0b4\ud45c\ub97c \uadf8\uc73c\uba70 \ub0b4\uc2ec &#8220;\uc774 \ubcc0\uc218\uac00 \uc800 \ubcc0\uc218\uc758 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774\uc57c&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \ud574\uc11d\ud558\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5b4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c SEM\uc758 \ucd08\uae30 \uac1c\ucc99\uc790\ub4e4(Sewall Wright, Haavelmo \ub4f1)\uc740 SEM\uc744 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc774\ub860\uc801 \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uacb0\ud569\ud558\uc5ec \uc778\uacfc\uc801 \uacb0\ub860\uc744 \ub3c4\ucd9c\ud558\ub294 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c \uc5ec\uacbc\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098\uba70 \ud1b5\uacc4\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ube44\ud310(\uc608: Freedman, Holland) \uc18d\uc5d0 SEM \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc790\uc2e0\uac10\uc744 \uc783\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. &#8220;\uc774 \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130\ub294 \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4&#8221;\ub77c\uba70 \ubc29\uc5b4\uc801\uc778 \ud0dc\ub3c4\ub97c \ucde8\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc8e0. \uc774 \ucc55\ud130\uc758 \ubaa9\uc801\uc740 <strong>SEM\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub2e4\uc2dc \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860\uc758 \ub3c4\uad6c\uac00 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0<\/strong>, \uadf8 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. SEM\uc758 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uad6c\uc870: \uac00\uc815, \uc9c8\uc758, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub370\uc774\ud130<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>SEM\uc774 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \ub9c8\ubc95\uc744 \ubd80\ub824\uc11c\uac00 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c <strong>\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\uac00 \ud22c\uc785\ud558\ub294 &#8216;\uac00\uc815(Assumptions)&#8217;<\/strong> \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Judea Pearl\uc740 SEM\uc744 \ud558\ub098\uc758 <strong>\ucd94\ub860 \uc5d4\uc9c4(Inference Engine)<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc785\ub825 (Input):<\/strong>\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uac00\uc815(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"A\"><semantics><mi>A<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">A<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\uac00 \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\ub2f9\ud654\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uc801 \uac00\uc815\ub4e4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uc608: &#8220;\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc740 \ud559\uc5c5\uc131\ucde8\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud559\uc5c5\uc131\ucde8\uac00 \uc9c0\ub2a5\uc744 \ubc14\uafb8\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4.&#8221;)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc9c8\uc758(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"Q\"><semantics><mi>Q<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Q<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc54c\uace0\uc790 \ud558\ub294 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uc608: &#8220;\ubc29\uacfc \ud6c4 \uc218\uc5c5(<math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc744 \ub4e4\uc73c\uba74 \uc131\uc801(<math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc624\ub97c\uae4c?&#8221;)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub370\uc774\ud130(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"D\"><semantics><mi>D<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">D<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc218\uc9d1\ud55c \uad00\ucc30 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ucd9c\ub825 (Output):<\/strong>\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \ud568\uc758(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"A^*\"><semantics><msup><mi>A<\/mi><mo>\u2217<\/mo><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">A^*<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \ubb34\uad00\ud558\uac8c, \uac00\uc815\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \ub3c4\ucd9c\ub418\ub294 \ub17c\ub9ac\uc801 \uacb0\ub860\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc870\uac74\ubd80 \uc8fc\uc7a5(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"C\"><semantics><mi>C<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">C<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> &#8220;\uac00\uc815 <math data-latex=\"A\"><semantics><mi>A<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">A<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uac00 \ub9de\ub2e4\uba74, \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 <math data-latex=\"C\"><semantics><mi>C<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">C<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc774\ub2e4&#8221;\ub77c\ub294 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uac80\uc99d \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ud568\uc758(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"T\"><semantics><mi>T<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">T<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub85c \uc6b0\ub9ac \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \ud2c0\ub838\ub294\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4(\uc801\ud569\ub3c4 \uac80\uc99d).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>WaurimaL\uc758 \ud301:<\/strong> SEM \uacb0\uacfc\ud45c\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc22b\uc790\uac00 &#8220;\uc9c4\uc9dc \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc&#8221;\uac00 \ub418\ub824\uba74, \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc774 \uadf8\ub9b0 \ud654\uc0b4\ud45c(\uac00\uc815 <math data-latex=\"A\"><semantics><mi>A<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">A<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uac00 \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud0c4\ud0c4\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud1b5\uacc4 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc758 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \ucc38\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubbff\uace0 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub9cc \ud574\uc904 \ubfd0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8: &#8216;\ubcf8\ub2e4(Seeing)&#8217;\uc640 &#8216;\ud55c\ub2e4(Doing)&#8217;\uc758 \ucc28\uc774<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac1c\ub150 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub294 <strong><math data-latex=\"do(x)\"><semantics><mrow><mi>d<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>x<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">do(x)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> \uc5f0\uc0b0\uc790<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"P(y|x)\"><semantics><mrow><mi>P<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>y<\/mi><mi>|<\/mi><mi>x<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">P(y|x)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>:<\/strong> <math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uac00 <math data-latex=\"x\"><semantics><mi>x<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">x<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc778 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc744 <strong>\uad00\ucc30\ud588\uc744 \ub54c(Seeing)<\/strong>, <math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \ud655\ub960\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uc608: \ud559\uc6d0\uc744 \ub2e4\ub2c8\ub294 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc758 \uc131\uc801)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"P(y|do(x))\"><semantics><mrow><mi>P<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>y<\/mi><mi>|<\/mi><mi>d<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>x<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">P(y|do(x))<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud559\uc0dd\uc5d0\uac8c \uac15\uc81c\ub85c X\ub97c <strong>\ud558\uac8c \ud588\uc744 \ub54c(Doing\/Intervention)<\/strong>, <math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \ud655\ub960\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uc608: \uad50\uc721\uccad\uc774 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud559\uc0dd\uc744 \ud559\uc6d0\uc5d0 \ubcf4\ub0b4\ub294 \uc815\ucc45\uc744 \ud3c8\uc744 \ub54c\uc758 \uc131\uc801).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd <math data-latex=\"y = \\beta x + u_y\"><semantics><mrow><mi>y<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mi>x<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>y<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y = \\beta x + u_y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub294 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ud68c\uadc0\uc2dd\uc774 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \uc790\uc5f0\uc774 <math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \uac12\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud558\ub294 <strong>\uba54\ucee4\ub2c8\uc998<\/strong>\uc744 \ud45c\ud604\ud55c \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c <math data-latex=\"\\beta\"><semantics><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \uace0\uc815\ud558\uace0 <math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub9cc 1\ub2e8\uc704 \uc99d\uac00\uc2dc\ucf30\uc744 \ub54c <math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\ub7c9\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uc801 \ud574\uc11d\uc744 \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \ubc18\uc0ac\uc2e4\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0(Counterfactuals): &#8220;\ub9cc\uc57d \uadf8\ub7ac\ub2e4\uba74?&#8221;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uad50\uc721 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c4\uc9dc \uad81\uae08\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc774\ub7f0 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\ucca0\uc218\uac00 \ubcf4\ucda9\uc218\uc5c5\uc744 \uc548 \ub4e4\uc5c8\ub294\ub370 \uc131\uc801\uc774 70\uc810\uc774\ub2e4. <strong>\ub9cc\uc57d \ucca0\uc218\uac00 \ubcf4\ucda9\uc218\uc5c5\uc744 \ub4e4\uc5c8\ub354\ub77c\uba74(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"do(x)\"><semantics><mrow><mi>d<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>x<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">do(x)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>)<\/strong> \uba87 \uc810\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uc744\uae4c?&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c <strong>\ubc18\uc0ac\uc2e4(Counterfactuals)<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. SEM\uc740 \uc774\ub97c \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[\uc608\uc2dc] \ucca0\uc218\uc758 \uc131\uc801 \uc608\uce21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ud569\uc2dc\ub2e4 (Figure 3.4 \ucc38\uace0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"255\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fig3-4-1024x255.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-542\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fig3-4-1024x255.png 1024w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fig3-4-300x75.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fig3-4-768x191.png 768w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fig3-4-624x155.png 624w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fig3-4.png 1478w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Note. From Handbook of structural equation modeling (p. 57), by R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), 2023, Guilford Press. Copyright 2023 by Guilford Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ubcf4\ucda9\uc218\uc5c5 \uc2dc\uac04 (0.5\uc2dc\uac04)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"Z\"><semantics><mi>Z<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Z<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04 (1\uc2dc\uac04)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc131\uc801 (1.5\uc810)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ucca0\uc218\uc758 \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801 \ud2b9\uc131(\uc624\ucc28\ud56d <math data-latex=\"u\"><semantics><mi>u<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \ub4a4, \ucca0\uc218\uac00 \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 2\ubc30\ub85c \ub298\ub838\ub2e4\uba74(<math data-latex=\"Z=2\"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mn>2<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Z=2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>) \uc131\uc801\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc744\uc9c0 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ud68c\uadc0\ubd84\uc11d\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uba70, \uad6c\uc870\uc801 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc788\uc5b4\uc57c\ub9cc \uac00\ub2a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131 \ubc0f \ubd84\uc11d (R &amp; Jamovi)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\ub860\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b0\ub2c8, \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uad50\uc721\ud559 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 R\uacfc Jamovi(\ub9e4\uac1c\ubd84\uc11d)\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \ucd94\uc815\ud574 \ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. Pearl\uc774 \uac15\uc870\ud55c <strong>\ub9e4\uac1c \uacf5\uc2dd(Mediation Formula)<\/strong>\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud574 \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624: &#8216;\uba54\ud0c0\uc778\uc9c0 \ud6c8\ub828 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8&#8217;\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ub3c5\ub9bd\ubcc0\uc218 (<\/strong><math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uba54\ud0c0\uc778\uc9c0 \ud6c8\ub828 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8 \ucc38\uc5ec \uc5ec\ubd80 (0: \ubbf8\ucc38\uc5ec, 1: \ucc38\uc5ec)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218 (<\/strong><math data-latex=\"M\"><semantics><mi>M<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">M<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uc790\uae30\uc8fc\ub3c4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04 (\uc5f0\uc18d\ud615)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218 (<\/strong><math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uae30\ub9d0\uace0\uc0ac \uc218\ud559 \uc131\uc801 (\uc5f0\uc18d\ud615)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uad50\ub780\ubcc0\uc218 (<\/strong><math data-latex=\"C\"><semantics><mi>C<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">C<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uc0ac\uc804 \uc218\ud559 \ub2a5\ub825 (\uae30\ucd08\ud559\uc2b5\ub2a5\ub825)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uc774 \uc131\uc801\uc744 \uc9c1\uc811 \uc62c\ub9ac\ub294\uc9c0(\uc9c1\uc811 \ud6a8\uacfc), \uc544\ub2c8\uba74 \ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ub298\ub824\uc11c \uc131\uc801\uc744 \uc62c\ub9ac\ub294\uc9c0(\uac04\uc811 \ud6a8\uacfc) \uc54c\uace0 \uc2f6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131 (R Code)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\uba3c\uc800, \uc778\uacfc\uc801 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uc5ec \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0 \ub85c\ub4dc\nif(!require(MASS)) install.packages(\"MASS\")\nset.seed(1234) # \uc7ac\ud604\uc131\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc2dc\ub4dc \uc124\uc815\n\n# \uc0d8\ud50c \uc218\nN &lt;- 1000\n\n# 1. \uad50\ub780\ubcc0\uc218 (C): \uc0ac\uc804 \uc218\ud559 \ub2a5\ub825 (\ud3c9\uade0 50, \ud45c\uc900\ud3b8\ucc28 10)\nC &lt;- rnorm(N, mean = 50, sd = 10)\n\n# 2. \ub3c5\ub9bd\ubcc0\uc218 (X): \uba54\ud0c0\uc778\uc9c0 \ud6c8\ub828 (\ub79c\ub364 \ubc30\uc815\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc0ac\uc804 \ub2a5\ub825\uc774 \ub192\uc73c\uba74 \ucc38\uc5ec \ud655\ub960\uc774 \uc57d\uac04 \ub192\uac8c \uc124\uc815 - \ud604\uc2e4 \ubc18\uc601)\n# \ub85c\uc9c0\uc2a4\ud2f1 \ud568\uc218\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \ud655\ub960 \uc0dd\uc131\nprob_X &lt;- 1 \/ (1 + exp(-(-2 + 0.05 * C)))\nX &lt;- rbinom(N, 1, prob_X)\n\n# 3. \ub9e4\uac1c\ubcc0\uc218 (M): \uc790\uae30\uc8fc\ub3c4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\n# \ud6c8\ub828(X)\uacfc \uc0ac\uc804\ub2a5\ub825(C)\uc774 \ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc90c\n# M = 10 + 2*X + 0.1*C + error\nM &lt;- 10 + 2 * X + 0.1 * C + rnorm(N, mean = 0, sd = 2)\n\n# 4. \uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218 (Y): \uae30\ub9d0\uace0\uc0ac \uc131\uc801\n# \ud6c8\ub828(X), \ud559\uc2b5\uc2dc\uac04(M), \uc0ac\uc804\ub2a5\ub825(C)\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc131\uc801\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc90c\n# Y = 20 + 3*X + 1.5*M + 0.5*C + error\n# \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc(True Parameters):\n# - X -> M (a path): 2\n# - M -> Y (b path): 1.5\n# - X -> Y (c' path, \uc9c1\uc811\ud6a8\uacfc): 3\n# - \uac04\uc811\ud6a8\uacfc (a*b): 2 * 1.5 = 3\n# - \ucd1d\ud6a8\uacfc: 3 + 3 = 6\nY &lt;- 20 + 3 * X + 1.5 * M + 0.5 * C + rnorm(N, mean = 0, sd = 5)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784 \uc0dd\uc131\ndata &lt;- data.frame(\n  Pre_Math = C,\n  Program = factor(X, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c(\"Control\", \"Treatment\")),\n  Study_Time = M,\n  Final_Score = Y\n)\n\n# CSV \ud30c\uc77c\ub85c \uc800\uc7a5 (Jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uae30 \uc704\ud568)\nwrite.csv(data, \"meta_cognition_data.csv\", row.names = FALSE)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud655\uc778\nhead(data)\n\n\uc0dd\uc131\ub41c \uc608\uc81c \ud30c\uc77c: <a href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/chap03.csv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">chap03<\/a><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Jamovi\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ubd84\uc11d \uac00\uc774\ub4dc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 <code>jmv<\/code> \ubaa8\ub4c8(GLM)\uc774\ub098 <code>medmod<\/code> (Mediation) \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \ubd84\uc11d\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. Pearl\uc774 \uc81c\uc548\ud55c \ub9e4\uac1c \uacf5\uc2dd\uc740 \ube44\uc120\ud615 \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\ud574\ub97c \ub3d5\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc120\ud615 \ubaa8\ub378\uc744 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ubd84\uc11d\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ub370\uc774\ud130 \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uae30:<\/strong> \uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0dd\uc131\ud55c <code>meta_cognition_data.csv<\/code>\ub97c \uc5fd\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubd84\uc11d \ubaa8\ub4c8:<\/strong> <code>Analyses<\/code> > <code>Mediation<\/code> > <code>Mediation<\/code> (jamovi library\uc5d0\uc11c <code>medmod<\/code> \uc124\uce58 \ud544\uc694).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubcc0\uc218 \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dependent Variable:<\/strong> Final_Score (<math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Predictor:<\/strong> Program (<math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mediator:<\/strong> Study_Time (<math data-latex=\"M\"><semantics><mi>M<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">M<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Covariates:<\/strong> Pre_Math (<math data-latex=\"C\"><semantics><mi>C<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">C<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>) &#8211; <strong>\uc911\uc694!<\/strong> \uad50\ub780\ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud574\uc57c \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc \ucd94\uc815\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4(Back-door criterion).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uacb0\uacfc \ud574\uc11d:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Indirect Effect (\uac04\uc811 \ud6a8\uacfc):<\/strong> <code>Study_Time<\/code>\uc744 \uacbd\uc720\ud558\ub294 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. R \ucf54\ub4dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc124\uc815\ud55c \ucc38\uac12\uc740 <math data-latex=\"2 \\times 1.5 = 3.0\"><semantics><mrow><mn>2<\/mn><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><mn>1.5<\/mn><mo>=<\/mo><mn>3.0<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">2 \\times 1.5 = 3.0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. Jamovi \uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \uc774\uc640 \uc720\uc0ac\ud558\uac8c \ub098\uc624\ub294\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Direct Effect (\uc9c1\uc811 \ud6a8\uacfc):<\/strong> <code>Program<\/code>\uc774 <code>Final_Score<\/code>\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc9c1\uc811\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud5a5\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucc38\uac12\uc740 <math data-latex=\"3.0\"><semantics><mn>3.0<\/mn><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">3.0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Total Effect (\ucd1d \ud6a8\uacfc):<\/strong> \uc9c1\uc811\ud6a8\uacfc + \uac04\uc811\ud6a8\uacfc <math data-latex=\"\\approx 6.0\"><semantics><mrow><mo>\u2248<\/mo><mn>6.0<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\approx 6.0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Pearl\uc758 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ud574\uc11d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 Baron &amp; Kenny \ubc29\ubc95\uc774\ub098 \ub2e8\uc21c \ud68c\uadc0\ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \ube44\uc120\ud615\uc131\uc774\ub098 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9\uc774 \uc788\uc744 \ub54c \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc624\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. Pearl\uc758 Mediation Formula 20\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \ud568\uc218(\ube44\uc120\ud615 \ud3ec\ud568)\ub77c\ub3c4 \ubc18\uc0ac\uc2e4\uc801 \uc815\uc758(Counterfactual definition)\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uc9c1\uc811\/\uac04\uc811 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc815\uc758\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. Jamovi\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \uc120\ud615 \uac00\uc815 \ud558\uc5d0 Pearl\uc758 \uacf5\uc2dd\uacfc \uc77c\uce58\ud558\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \uc2dd\ubcc4(Identification): \uc5b8\uc81c \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub370\uc774\ud130\ub9cc \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubb34\uc870\uac74 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ucc3e\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubaa8\ub378\uc774 <strong>\uc2dd\ubcc4 \uac00\ub2a5(Identifiable)<\/strong>\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">d-\ubd84\ub9ac(d-separation)\uc640 \uac80\uc99d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uadf8\ub9b0 \ud654\uc0b4\ud45c\uac00 \ub9de\ub294\uc9c0 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uae4c\uc694? \uadf8\ub798\ud504 \uc774\ub860\uc758 <strong>d-separation<\/strong>\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ub9cc\uc57d <math data-latex=\"X \\rightarrow M \\rightarrow Y\"><semantics><mrow><mi>X<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mi>M<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mi>Y<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X \\rightarrow M \\rightarrow Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> \uacbd\ub85c\ub9cc \uc788\uace0 <math data-latex=\"X \\rightarrow Y\"><semantics><mrow><mi>X<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mi>Y<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X \\rightarrow Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> \uc9c1\uc811 \uacbd\ub85c\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4\uba74, <math data-latex=\"M\"><semantics><mi>M<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">M<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc744 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud588\uc744 \ub54c <math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc640 <math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub294 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c <math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc640 <math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uac00 <math data-latex=\"M\"><semantics><mi>M<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">M<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> \ud1b5\uc81c \ud558\uc5d0 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc774\ub77c\uba74, \uc6b0\ub9ac \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc77c\uce58(Fit)\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc801\ud569\ub3c4 \uac80\uc99d\uc758 \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub4b7\ubb38 \uae30\uc900(Back-Door Criterion)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad00\ucc30 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc(<math data-latex=\"P(y|do(x))\"><semantics><mrow><mi>P<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>y<\/mi><mi>|<\/mi><mi>d<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>x<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">P(y|do(x))<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \uad6c\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud574\uc57c \ud560\uae4c\uc694? Pearl\uc740 <strong>\ub4b7\ubb38 \uae30\uc900<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uba85\ud655\ud55c \uaddc\uce59\uc744 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc(\ud6c4\uc190)\uc778 \ubcc0\uc218\ub294 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc624\ub294 \ud654\uc0b4\ud45c(\ub4b7\ubb38)\ub97c \ub9c9\ub294 \ubcc0\uc218 \uc9d1\ud569\uc744 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uc2ed\uc2dc\uc624.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc704\uc758 \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc608\uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c <code>Pre_Math<\/code>(\uc0ac\uc804 \ub2a5\ub825)\ub294 <code>Program<\/code>(<math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uacfc <code>Final_Score<\/code>(<math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>) \ubaa8\ub450\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\ub294 \uacf5\ud1b5 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c, \ub4b7\ubb38\uc744 \uc5f4\uc5b4\ub450\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc774 \ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud574\uc57c\ub9cc \ud3b8\ud5a5 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \uacb0\ub860<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1(SEM)\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ud1b5\uacc4 \uae30\ubc95\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, <strong>\uc778\uacfc\uc801 \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uc218\ud559\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uace0 \uac80\uc99d\ud558\ub294 \uc5b8\uc5b4<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SEM\uc758 \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130\ub294 \uc801\uc808\ud55c \uac00\uc815 \ud558\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uacfc\uc801 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub85c \ud574\uc11d\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ubc18\uc0ac\uc2e4\uc801 \uc0ac\uace0(<math data-latex=\"do\"><semantics><mrow><mi>d<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">do<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>-calculus)\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 &#8220;\uc2e4\ud5d8\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc0c1\ud669&#8221;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc608\uce21\uc744 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub294 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uadf8\ub798\ud504(Path Diagram)\ub85c \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ud45c\ud604\ud558\uace0, d-separation\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c \uc774\ub97c \uac80\uc99d\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad50\uc721 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub85c\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc774\uc81c &#8220;\uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4&#8221;\ub77c\ub294 \ub9d0 \ub4a4\uc5d0 \uc228\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uace0, <strong>&#8220;\uc5b4\ub5a4 \uac00\uc815 \ud558\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774 \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub85c \ud574\uc11d\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uac00?&#8221;<\/strong>\ub97c \ubb3b\uace0 \ub2f5\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc (References)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bareinboim, E., &amp; Pearl, J. (2016). Causal inference and the data-fusion problem. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113<\/em>, 7345-7352.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bollen, K. A. (1989). <em>Structural equations with latent variables<\/em>. New York: Wiley.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Freedman, D. A. (1987). As others see us: A case study in path analysis. <em>Journal of Educational Statistics, 12<\/em>, 101-223.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Muth\u00e9n, B. (1987). Response to Freedman&#8217;s critique of path analysis: Improve credibility by better methodological training. <em>Journal of Educational Statistics, 12<\/em>, 178-184.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pearl, J. (2000). <em>Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference<\/em>. New York: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pearl, J. (2009). <em>Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference<\/em> (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pearl, J. (2012). The mediation formula: A guide to the assessment of causal pathways in non-linear models. In C. Berzuini, P. Dawid, &amp; L. Bernardinelli (Eds.), <em>Causality: Statistical perspectives and applications<\/em> (pp. 151-179). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pearl, J. (This Chapter). The Causal Foundations of Structural Equation Modeling.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wilkinson, L., Task Force on Statistical Inference, &amp; APA Board of Scientific Affairs. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. <em>American Psychologist, 54<\/em>, 594-604.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wright, S. (1921). Correlation and causation. <em>Journal of Agricultural Research, 20<\/em>, 557-585.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \uc11c\ub860: SEM\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc801\ud569\ub3c4 \ub180\uc774\uc778\uac00? \uad50\uc721\ud559\uc774\ub098 \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud558\ub2e4 \ubcf4\uba74 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ub298 \uc774\ub7f0 \uacbd\uace0\ub97c \ub4e3\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. &#8220;\uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc99d\uba85\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4(Correlation does not prove causation).&#8221; \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc544\uc774\ub7ec\ub2c8\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd(SEM)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uacbd\ub85c \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \ud654\uc0b4\ud45c\ub97c \uadf8\uc73c\uba70 \ub0b4\uc2ec &#8220;\uc774 \ubcc0\uc218\uac00 \uc800 \ubcc0\uc218\uc758 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774\uc57c&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \ud574\uc11d\ud558\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5b4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c SEM\uc758 \ucd08\uae30 \uac1c\ucc99\uc790\ub4e4(Sewall Wright, Haavelmo \ub4f1)\uc740 SEM\uc744 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc774\ub860\uc801 \uac00\uc815\uc744 <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=541\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[300],"tags":[166,301,303],"class_list":["post-541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sem","tag-sem","tag-301","tag-303"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chap 03. \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1(SEM)\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860: \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc11c - WaurimaL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=541\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ko_KR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chap 03. \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1(SEM)\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860: \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc11c - WaurimaL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"1. \uc11c\ub860: SEM\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc801\ud569\ub3c4 \ub180\uc774\uc778\uac00? \uad50\uc721\ud559\uc774\ub098 \uc2ec\ub9ac\ud559 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud558\ub2e4 \ubcf4\uba74 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ub298 \uc774\ub7f0 \uacbd\uace0\ub97c \ub4e3\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. &#8220;\uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc778\uacfc\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc99d\uba85\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4(Correlation does not prove causation).&#8221; \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc544\uc774\ub7ec\ub2c8\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd(SEM)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uacbd\ub85c \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0, \ud654\uc0b4\ud45c\ub97c \uadf8\uc73c\uba70 \ub0b4\uc2ec &#8220;\uc774 \ubcc0\uc218\uac00 \uc800 \ubcc0\uc218\uc758 \uc6d0\uc778\uc774\uc57c&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \ud574\uc11d\ud558\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5b4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c SEM\uc758 \ucd08\uae30 \uac1c\ucc99\uc790\ub4e4(Sewall Wright, Haavelmo \ub4f1)\uc740 SEM\uc744 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc640 \uc774\ub860\uc801 \uac00\uc815\uc744 Read more\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=541\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"WaurimaL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-27T08:20:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-27T08:29:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/fig3-4-1024x255.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\uae00\uc4f4\uc774\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\uc608\uc0c1 \ub418\ub294 \ud310\ub3c5 \uc2dc\uac04\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7\ubd84\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e761145380f742e758f3c58f1607b704\"},\"headline\":\"Chap 03. \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1(SEM)\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860: \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc11c\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-27T08:20:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-27T08:29:11+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541\"},\"wordCount\":447,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/fig3-4-1024x255.png\",\"keywords\":[\"SEM\",\"\uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\",\"\uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860\"],\"articleSection\":[\"\uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ko-KR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541\",\"name\":\"Chap 03. \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1(SEM)\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860: \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc11c - WaurimaL\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/fig3-4-1024x255.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-27T08:20:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-27T08:29:11+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e761145380f742e758f3c58f1607b704\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ko-KR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ko-KR\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/fig3-4.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/fig3-4.png\",\"width\":1478,\"height\":368},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=541#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Chap 03. \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1(SEM)\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860: \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4 \uc6d0\uc778\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uc11c\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/\",\"name\":\"WaurimaL\",\"description\":\"Educational Measurement &amp; 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