{"id":562,"date":"2025-12-28T18:55:30","date_gmt":"2025-12-28T09:55:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=562"},"modified":"2025-12-28T18:55:31","modified_gmt":"2025-12-28T09:55:31","slug":"chap-08-%ec%9e%a0%ec%9e%ac%eb%b3%80%ec%88%98-%eb%aa%a8%ed%98%95%ea%b3%bc-%ea%b5%ac%ec%a1%b0%eb%b0%a9%ec%a0%95%ec%8b%9d%ec%9d%98-%ec%b6%94%ec%a0%95-%ec%9b%90%eb%a6%ac%ec%99%80-%ec%8b%a4%ec%a0%9c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=562","title":{"rendered":"Chap 08. \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 \ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd\uc758 \ucd94\uc815: \uc6d0\ub9ac\uc640 \uc2e4\uc81c"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694, \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84. <br>\uc774\ubc88 \uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd \ubaa8\ud615(SEM)\uacfc \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 \ubaa8\ud615(LVM)\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc5d4\uc9c4\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 <strong>&#8216;\ucd94\uc815(Estimation)&#8217;<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uae4a\uc774 \uc788\uac8c \ub2e4\ub904\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ud754\ud788 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc124\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc744 \ub20c\ub7ec \uacb0\uacfc\uac12\uc744 \uc5bb\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8 \uc774\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc218\ud559\uc801, \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uacfc\uc815\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294\uc9c0 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc911\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \uad50\uc721\ud559 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ucc98\ub7fc \ubb38\ud56d \ubc18\uc751\uc774 \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615(\uc608: \ub9ac\ucee4\ud2b8 \ucc99\ub3c4)\uc774\uac70\ub098 \uacb0\uce21\uce58\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uc62c\ubc14\ub978 \ucd94\uc815 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \ud0c0\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\uc9d3\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \uae30\ucd08: \ud45c\uae30\ubc95\uacfc \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \ud504\ub808\uc784\uc6cc\ud06c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub2e4\ub8f0 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ud06c\uac8c <strong>\uce21\uc815 \ubaa8\ud615(Measurement Model)<\/strong>\uacfc <strong>\uad6c\uc870 \ubaa8\ud615(Structural Model)<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ub269\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.1 \ubcc0\uc218\uc758 \uc815\uc758<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bollen(1989)\uc758 \ud45c\uae30\ubc95\uc744 \ub530\ub974\ub418, \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud3ec\uad04\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \ud655\uc7a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\eta\"><semantics><mi>\u03b7<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\eta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong> (\uc5d0\ud0c0):<\/strong> \ub0b4\uc0dd \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 (\uad6c\uc870 \ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc124\uba85\ub418\ub294 \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218, \uc608: \ud559\uc5c5 \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\xi\"><semantics><mi>\u03be<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\xi<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong> (\ud06c\uc0ac\uc774):<\/strong> \uc678\uc0dd \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 (\ub2e4\ub978 \ubcc0\uc218\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\ub294 \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218, \uc608: \uac00\uc815 \ubc30\uacbd)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>:<\/strong> <math data-latex=\"\\eta\"><semantics><mi>\u03b7<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\eta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \uad00\uce21\uc9c0\ud45c (\uc608: \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4 \uac80\uc0ac \uc810\uc218)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>:<\/strong> <math data-latex=\"\\xi\"><semantics><mi>\u03be<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\xi<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \uad00\uce21\uc9c0\ud45c (\uc608: \ubd80\ubaa8 \uc18c\ub4dd, \ubd80\ubaa8 \ud559\ub825)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1.2 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uad6c\uc870<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>SEM\uc740 \uad00\uce21 \ub370\uc774\ud130 <math data-latex=\"(Y, X)\"><semantics><mrow><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>Y<\/mi><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mi>X<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">(Y, X)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc640 \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 <math data-latex=\"(\\eta, \\xi)\"><semantics><mrow><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>\u03b7<\/mi><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mi>\u03be<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">(\\eta, \\xi)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \uacb0\ud569 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8f9\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uce21\uc815 \ubaa8\ud615:<\/strong> \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218\uac00 \uad00\uce21\ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub294\uac00? (\uc608: <math data-latex=\"X = \\Lambda_x \\xi + \\delta\"><semantics><mrow><mi>X<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u039b<\/mi><\/mrow><mi>x<\/mi><\/msub><mi>\u03be<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><mi>\u03b4<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X = \\Lambda_x \\xi + \\delta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uad6c\uc870 \ubaa8\ud615:<\/strong> \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 \uac04\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c\uac00? (\uc608: <math data-latex=\"\\eta = B\\eta + \\Gamma\\xi + \\zeta\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\u03b7<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mi>B<\/mi><mi>\u03b7<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0393<\/mi><\/mrow><mi>\u03be<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><mi>\u03b6<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\eta = B\\eta + \\Gamma\\xi + \\zeta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>WaurimaL<strong>\uc758 \ud301:<\/strong> \uad50\uc721 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \ud754\ud788 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ubb38\ud56d\ubc18\uc751\uc774\ub860(IRT) \ubaa8\ub378\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \uad6c\uc870\uc801 \ud30c\ud2b8\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294(\ud639\uc740 \uac04\ub2e8\ud55c) \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uc77c\uc885\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \ucd94\uc815 \ubc29\ubc95 \uc120\ud0dd\uc758 5\uac00\uc9c0 \uae30\uc900<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc5b4\ub5a4 \ucd94\uc815 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560\uc9c0 \uacb0\uc815\ud560 \ub54c, \ub2e4\uc74c 5\uac00\uc9c0 \uae30\uc900\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud6a8\uc728\uc131 (Efficiency):<\/strong> \ucd94\uc815\ub7c9\uc774 \ucc38\uac12(True Parameter)\uc5d0 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ube60\ub974\uace0 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \uc218\ub834\ud558\ub294\uac00? \ud45c\ubcf8\uc774 \ud074\uc218\ub85d \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc778 \ucd94\uc815\ub7c9\uc774 \uc120\ud638\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubaa8\ud615 \ube44\uad50 (Model Comparison):<\/strong> \ub0b4\uc7ac\ub41c \ubaa8\ud615(Nested Model) \uac04\uc758 \ube44\uad50\uac00 \uc6a9\uc774\ud55c\uac00? (\uc608: <math data-latex=\"\\chi^2\"><semantics><msup><mi>\u03c7<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\chi^2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> \ucc28\uc774 \uac80\uc99d \uac00\ub2a5 \uc5ec\ubd80)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uac15\uac74\uc131 (Robustness):<\/strong> \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uc704\ubc18\ud588\uc744 \ub54c\ub3c4 \ubbff\uc744 \ub9cc\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uc8fc\ub294\uac00? \uad50\uc721 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uc885\uc885 \uc815\uaddc\uc131\uc744 \uc704\ubc18\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc911\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uacb0\uce21 \ub370\uc774\ud130 (Missing Data):<\/strong> \uacb0\uce21\uce58\uac00 \ubb34\uc791\uc704(MCAR)\uc778\uc9c0, \uc544\ub2c8\uba74 \ud2b9\uc815 \ud328\ud134\uc774 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0(MAR)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc774 \ub2e4\ub985\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uacc4\uc0b0 \ube44\uc6a9 (Computational Cost):<\/strong> \uacc4\uc0b0\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uace0 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc624\ub798 \uac78\ub9ac\ub294\uac00?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \uc644\uc804 \uc815\ubcf4 \ucd94\uc815\ub7c9 (Full Information Estimators)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 <strong>\uc804\uccb4 \ubc18\uc751 \ud328\ud134<\/strong>\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc6b0\ub3c4(Likelihood)\ub97c \ucd5c\ub300\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.1 \uc8fc\ubcc0\ucd5c\ub300\uc6b0\ub3c4\ucd94\uc815\ubc95 (Marginal Maximum Likelihood; MML)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uac00\uc7a5 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c, \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \uc801\ubd84\ud558\uc5ec \uc81c\uac70\ud55c \ud6c4 \uad00\uce21 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4\ud568\uc218\ub97c \ucd5c\ub300\ud654\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc7a5\uc810:<\/strong> \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc815\ud655\ud558\ub2e4\uba74 \uac00\uc7a5 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacb0\uce21\uce58\uac00 MAR(Missing At Random)\uc77c \ub54c\ub3c4 \ud3b8\ud5a5 \uc5c6\ub294 \ucd94\uc815\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub2e8\uc810:<\/strong> \uace0\ucc28\uc6d0 \uc801\ubd84\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\uc5ec \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218\uac00 \ub9ce\uc544\uc9c0\uba74 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub290\ub824\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc815\uaddc\uc131 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uc704\ubc30\ub418\uba74 \uacb0\uacfc\uac00 \uc65c\uace1\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3.2 \ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ucd94\uc815\ub7c9 (Bayesian Estimator)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubaa8\uc218\ub97c \uace0\uc815\ub41c \uc0c1\uc218\uac00 \uc544\ub2cc \ud655\ub960\ubcc0\uc218\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc804\ubd84\ud3ec(Prior)\uc640 \ub370\uc774\ud130(Likelihood)\ub97c \uacb0\ud569\ud558\uc5ec \uc0ac\ud6c4\ubd84\ud3ec(Posterior)\ub97c \uad6c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud2b9\uc9d5:<\/strong> \ud45c\ubcf8\uc774 \uc791\uac70\ub098 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud560 \ub54c \uc720\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. MCMC(Markov Chain Monte Carlo) \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uacc4\uc0b0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \uc81c\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4 \ucd94\uc815\ub7c9 (Limited Information Estimators)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc804\uccb4 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud328\ud134 \ub300\uc2e0, <strong>\uc77c\ucc28(\ud3c9\uade0) \ubc0f \uc774\ucc28(\uacf5\ubd84\uc0b0) \uc801\ub960<\/strong> \uc815\ubcf4\ub9cc\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacc4\uc0b0\uc774 \ube60\ub974\uace0 \ud2b9\uc815 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c \ub354 \uac15\uac74\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.1 \uc5f0\uc18d\ud615 \ubcc0\uc218: \ubaa8\uba58\ud2b8 \uae30\ubc18 \ucd94\uc815 (ULS, GLS, WLS)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad00\uce21\ub41c \uacf5\ubd84\uc0b0 \ud589\ub82c(<math data-latex=\"S\"><semantics><mi>S<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">S<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uacfc \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \uc608\uce21\ud558\ub294 \uacf5\ubd84\uc0b0 \ud589\ub82c(<math data-latex=\"\\Sigma(\\theta)\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u03a3<\/mi><\/mrow><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>\u03b8<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Sigma(\\theta)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\ub97c \ucd5c\uc18c\ud654\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>WLS (Weighted Least Squares):<\/strong> \uc815\uaddc\uc131 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uae68\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c(\uc608: \ucca8\ub3c4\uac00 \ub192\uc744 \ub54c) \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ud070 \ud45c\ubcf8\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \ubcf4\uc644\ud55c \uac83\uc774 jamovi\ub098 Mplus\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\uc8fc \ubcf4\ub294 <strong>WLSMV<\/strong> \uac19\uc740 \ubc29\ubc95\ub4e4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.2 \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ubcc0\uc218: \ub2e4\ub2e8\uacc4(Multistage) \ubc0f \uc30d\ub300 \uc6b0\ub3c4(PML)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad50\uc721\ud559 \uc124\ubb38\uc870\uc0ac(\uc608: &#8220;\ub9e4\uc6b0 \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4&#8221; ~ &#8220;\uc804\ud600 \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4&#8221;)\ub294 \uc5f0\uc18d\ud615\uc774 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \uc5f0\uc18d\ud615\ucc98\ub7fc \ub2e4\ub8e8\uba74 \uc624\ucc28\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uae30\ubcf8 \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4:<\/strong> \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ubc18\uc751 \uc774\uba74\uc5d0 \uc5f0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 <strong>\uae30\uc800\ubcc0\uc218(Underlying Variable, <\/strong><math data-latex=\"X^*\"><semantics><msup><mi>X<\/mi><mo>\u2217<\/mo><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X^*<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub2e4\ub2e8\uacc4(MS) \ucd94\uc815:<\/strong> 1\ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb38\ud56d \uac04\uc758 \ud3f4\ub9ac\ucf54\ub9ad(Polychoric) \uc0c1\uad00\uacc4\uc218\ub97c \uad6c\ud558\uace0, 2\ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc774\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \ubaa8\uc218\ub97c \ucd94\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc30d\ub300 \uc6b0\ub3c4 (Pairwise Maximum Likelihood; PML):<\/strong> \uc804\uccb4 \uc6b0\ub3c4 \ub300\uc2e0, \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubcc0\uc218 <strong>\uc30d(Pair)<\/strong>\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4\ub97c \uacf1\ud574\uc11c \ucd94\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. MML\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uacc4\uc0b0\uc774 \ud6e8\uc52c \ube60\ub974\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc774 \ub192\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \uc2e4\uc2b5: \uad50\uc721\ud559 \uc608\uc81c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \uc801\uc6a9<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uc81c \uc774\ub860\uc744 \uc2e4\uc81c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ud574 \ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624: \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc740 \uc911\ud559\uc0dd\uc758 <strong>&#8216;\ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ub9ac\ud130\ub7ec\uc2dc(DL)&#8217;<\/strong>\uac00 <strong>&#8216;STEM \uad50\uacfc \ud765\ubbf8(STEM)&#8217;<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DL:<\/strong> 3\uac1c\uc758 \ubb38\ud56d (5\uc810 \ub9ac\ucee4\ud2b8 \ucc99\ub3c4 &#8211; \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>STEM:<\/strong> 3\uac1c\uc758 \ubb38\ud56d (0~100\uc810 \uc810\uc218 &#8211; \uc5f0\uc18d\ud615)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5.1 \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131 (R \ucf54\ub4dc)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>jamovi\uc758 <code>Rj<\/code> \uc5d0\ub514\ud130\ub098 R Studio\uc5d0\uc11c \uc544\ub798 \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \uc2e4\ud589\ud558\uc5ec \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0 \ub85c\ub4dc\nif(!require(MASS)) install.packages(\"MASS\")\nif(!require(lavaan)) install.packages(\"lavaan\")\n\nset.seed(1228)\n\n# 1. \ud45c\ubcf8 \ud06c\uae30 \uc124\uc815\nN &lt;- 500\n\n# 2. \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 \uc0dd\uc131 (Digital Literacy -> STEM Interest)\n# DL\uc740 STEM\uc5d0 0.6 \uc815\ub3c4\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc744 \uac00\uc9d0\nDL_latent &lt;- rnorm(N, 0, 1)\nSTEM_latent &lt;- 0.6 * DL_latent + rnorm(N, 0, sqrt(1 - 0.6^2))\n\n# 3. \uad00\uce21\ubcc0\uc218 \uc0dd\uc131\n# DL \ubb38\ud56d (\ubc94\uc8fc\ud615, Threshold \uc801\uc6a9)\ndl1_star &lt;- 0.8 * DL_latent + rnorm(N, 0, sqrt(1 - 0.8^2))\ndl2_star &lt;- 0.7 * DL_latent + rnorm(N, 0, sqrt(1 - 0.7^2))\ndl3_star &lt;- 0.85 * DL_latent + rnorm(N, 0, sqrt(1 - 0.85^2))\n\n# \ucef7\uc624\ud504\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec 5\uc810 \ucc99\ub3c4\ub85c \ubcc0\ud658 (1~5)\ncutoffs &lt;- c(-1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.5)\nDL1 &lt;- as.numeric(cut(dl1_star, breaks=c(-Inf, cutoffs, Inf), labels=1:5))\nDL2 &lt;- as.numeric(cut(dl2_star, breaks=c(-Inf, cutoffs, Inf), labels=1:5))\nDL3 &lt;- as.numeric(cut(dl3_star, breaks=c(-Inf, cutoffs, Inf), labels=1:5))\n\n# STEM \ubb38\ud56d (\uc5f0\uc18d\ud615)\nSTEM1 &lt;- 50 + 10 * (0.8 * STEM_latent + rnorm(N, 0, 0.6))\nSTEM2 &lt;- 50 + 10 * (0.75 * STEM_latent + rnorm(N, 0, 0.65))\nSTEM3 &lt;- 50 + 10 * (0.9 * STEM_latent + rnorm(N, 0, 0.45))\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784 \uc0dd\uc131\ndata &lt;- data.frame(DL1, DL2, DL3, STEM1, STEM2, STEM3)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud655\uc778\nhead(data)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-6df52902-6e99-46e5-b9d1-5624bd9c1813\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/chap08.csv\">chap08<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/chap08.csv\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-6df52902-6e99-46e5-b9d1-5624bd9c1813\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5.2 \ubd84\uc11d: jamovi (SEMLj \ubaa8\ub4c8) \ud65c\uc6a9<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 <code>SEMLj<\/code> \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc27d\uac8c \ubd84\uc11d\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ub370\uc774\ud130 \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uae30:<\/strong> \uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0dd\uc131\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c csv\ub85c \uc800\uc7a5 \ud6c4 jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5fd\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubaa8\ub4c8 \uc120\ud0dd:<\/strong> <code>SEMLj<\/code> > <code>Structural Equation Models<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubaa8\ud615 \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Measurement Model:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Latent Variable <code>DL<\/code> =~ <code>DL1<\/code> + <code>DL2<\/code> + <code>DL3<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Latent Variable <code>STEM<\/code> =~ <code>STEM1<\/code> + <code>STEM2<\/code> + <code>STEM3<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Structural Model:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>STEM<\/code> ~ <code>DL<\/code> (STEM is regressed on DL)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ucd94\uc815 \ubc29\ubc95(Estimation) \uc120\ud0dd &#8211; \uc911\uc694!<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc774 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\ub294 <strong>\ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ubcc0\uc218(DL1~3)<\/strong>\uac00 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 <code>ML<\/code> (Maximum Likelihood)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uba74 \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \uc5f0\uc18d\ud615\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\uc5ec \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc635\uc158:<\/strong> <code>Estimation Method<\/code>\uc5d0\uc11c <strong><code>Robust<\/code><\/strong> \ub610\ub294 <strong><code>DWLS<\/code><\/strong>(Diagonally Weighted Least Squares)\ub97c \uc120\ud0dd\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. <code>SEMLj<\/code>\ub294 \ubcc0\uc218 \ud0c0\uc785\uc744 \uc790\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uac10\uc9c0\ud558\uc5ec \uc801\uc808\ud55c \ucd94\uc815\ubc95\uc744 \uc81c\uc548\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uba85\uc2dc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc88b\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\ucc38\uace0:<\/em> \ubcf8 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\ub8ec <strong>PML(Pairwise Maximum Likelihood)<\/strong>\uc740 <code>lavaan<\/code> \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0\uc758 \uc635\uc158(<code>estimator=\"PML\"<\/code>)\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 R\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ud604 \uac00\ub2a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc8fc\ub85c <code>DWLS<\/code> \uacc4\uc5f4\uc774 \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \ud45c\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uc4f0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5.3 \ubd84\uc11d \uacb0\uacfc \ud574\uc11d (\uc608\uc2dc)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \uacb0\uacfc \ud14c\uc774\ube14\uc744 \ubcfc \ub54c \ub2e4\uc74c \uc0ac\ud56d\uc744 \ud655\uc778\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc801\ud569\ub3c4 \uc9c0\uc218 (Goodness of Fit):<\/strong> CFI, TLI > 0.90, RMSEA &lt; 0.08 \uc778\uac00?\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\uad50\uc7ac \ub0b4\uc6a9 \uc5f0\uacb0:<\/em> WLS\ub098 DWLS\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \ub54c\ub294 <math data-latex=\"\\chi^2\"><semantics><msup><mi>\u03c7<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\chi^2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> \uac80\uc99d \ud1b5\uacc4\ub7c9\uc774 \ud3c9\uade0\uacfc \ubd84\uc0b0\uc774 \uc870\uc815\ub41c(scaled) \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \ub771\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud68c\uadc0\uacc4\uc218 (Regression Weights):<\/strong> DL\uc774 STEM\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5(<math data-latex=\"\\beta\"><semantics><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc774 \uc720\uc758\ud55c\uac00?\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \uace0\ub824\ud55c \ucd94\uc815(DWLS\/PML)\uc740 \uc77c\ubc18 ML\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28(SE)\ub97c \ub354 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \ucd94\uc815\ud558\uc5ec 1\uc885 \uc624\ub958\ub97c \uc904\uc5ec\uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. \uacc4\uc0b0 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 (Computation: Under the Hood)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc744 \ub204\ub97c \ub54c \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \ub0b4\ubd80\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc791\ub3d9\ud560\uae4c\uc694?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6.1 \uc218\uce58 \ucd5c\uc801\ud654 (Numerical Optimization)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubaa9\uc801\ud568\uc218(\uc608: <math data-latex=\"-log L\"><semantics><mrow><mo>\u2212<\/mo><mi>l<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mi>g<\/mi><mi>L<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">-log L<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc758 \ucd5c\uc19f\uac12\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uac00\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uacbd\uc0ac \ud558\uac15\ubc95 (Gradient Descent):<\/strong> \uac00\uc7a5 \uac00\ud30c\ub978 \uacbd\uc0ac\ub97c \ub530\ub77c \ub0b4\ub824\uac11\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub2e8\uc21c\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub290\ub9b4 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub274\ud134-\ub7a9\uc2a8 (Newton-Raphson):<\/strong> \uace1\ub960(2\ucc28 \ubbf8\ubd84, Hessian) \uc815\ubcf4\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \ub354 \ube68\ub9ac \uc218\ub834\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uacc4\uc0b0\ub7c9\uc774 \ub9ce\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Quasi-Newton (BFGS):<\/strong> Hessian \ud589\ub82c\uc744 \uadfc\uc0ac\ud558\uc5ec \uacc4\uc0b0 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc640 \ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc758 \uade0\ud615\uc744 \ub9de\ucda5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 SEM \uc18c\ud504\ud2b8\uc6e8\uc5b4 \uae30\ubcf8\uac12\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6.2 EM \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998 (Expectation-Maximization)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218\ucc98\ub7fc \uad00\uce21\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc788\uc744 \ub54c \uac15\ub825\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>E-Step:<\/strong> \ud604\uc7ac \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130\ub85c \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218\uc758 \uae30\ub300\uce58\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0(\ucc44\uc6cc \ub123\uae30).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M-Step:<\/strong> \ucc44\uc6cc\uc9c4 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ubc14\ud0d5\uc73c\ub85c \uc6b0\ub3c4\ub97c \ucd5c\ub300\ud654(\ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130 \uc5c5\ub370\uc774\ud2b8).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uc218\ub834\ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\uacb0\ub860 \ubc0f \uc81c\uc5b8<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>SEM \ucd94\uc815\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 &#8220;\uc18c\ud504\ud2b8\uc6e8\uc5b4 \ub3cc\ub9ac\uae30&#8221;\uac00 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 <strong>\uc815\uaddc\uc131\uc744 \ub760\ub294\uc9c0, \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615\uc778\uc9c0, \uacb0\uce21\uce58\uac00 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uc801\uc808\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c(\ucd94\uc815\ub7c9)\ub97c \uaebc\ub0b4 \uc368\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc5f0\uc18d\ud615 \ub370\uc774\ud130 + \uc815\uaddc\uc131 \ub9cc\uc871 <math data-latex=\"\\to\"><semantics><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2192<\/mo><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\to<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> <strong>MML (ML)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ubc94\uc8fc\ud615 \ub370\uc774\ud130 (\ub9ac\ucee4\ud2b8 \ucc99\ub3c4) <math data-latex=\"\\to\"><semantics><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2192<\/mo><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\to<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> <strong>WLSMV (DWLS)<\/strong> \ub610\ub294 <strong>PML<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \ubaa8\ud615 + \uc18c\ud45c\ubcf8 <math data-latex=\"\\to\"><semantics><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2192<\/mo><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\to<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> <strong>Bayesian<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uc6d0\uce59\uc744 \uc9c0\ud0ac \ub54c, \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uacac\uace0\ud574\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bollen, K. A. (1989). <em>Structural equations with latent variables<\/em>. New York: Wiley.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chen, Y., Moustaki, I., &amp; Zhang, S. (n.d.). On the Estimation of Structural Equation Models with Latent Variables. In <em>Chapter 8<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J\u00f6reskog, K. G., &amp; Moustaki, I. (2001). Factor analysis of ordinal variables: A comparison of three approaches. <em>Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36<\/em>, 347-387.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Katsikatsou, M., Moustaki, I., Yang-Wallentin, F., &amp; J\u00f6reskog, K. G. (2012). Pairwise likelihood estimation for factor analysis models with ordinal data. <em>Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 56<\/em>, 4243-4258.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. <em>Journal of Statistical Software, 48<\/em>(2), 1-36.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694, \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84. \uc774\ubc88 \uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd \ubaa8\ud615(SEM)\uacfc \uc7a0\uc7ac\ubcc0\uc218 \ubaa8\ud615(LVM)\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uc5d4\uc9c4\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 &#8216;\ucd94\uc815(Estimation)&#8217;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uae4a\uc774 \uc788\uac8c \ub2e4\ub904\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ud754\ud788 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc124\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc744 \ub20c\ub7ec \uacb0\uacfc\uac12\uc744 \uc5bb\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8 \uc774\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc218\ud559\uc801, \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uacfc\uc815\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294\uc9c0 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc911\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \uad50\uc721\ud559 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ucc98\ub7fc \ubb38\ud56d \ubc18\uc751\uc774 \ubc94\uc8fc\ud615(\uc608: \ub9ac\ucee4\ud2b8 \ucc99\ub3c4)\uc774\uac70\ub098 \uacb0\uce21\uce58\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0, \uc62c\ubc14\ub978 \ucd94\uc815 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \ud0c0\ub2f9\uc131\uc744 <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=562\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[300],"tags":[309,166,301,308],"class_list":["post-562","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sem","tag-estimation","tag-sem","tag-301","tag-308"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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