{"id":720,"date":"2026-01-18T16:42:05","date_gmt":"2026-01-18T07:42:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=720"},"modified":"2026-01-18T16:42:59","modified_gmt":"2026-01-18T07:42:59","slug":"%eb%8b%a4%ec%b8%b5%eb%aa%a8%ed%98%95multilevel-model%ec%9d%98-%ec%9a%b0%eb%8f%84-%ec%b6%94%ec%a0%95likelihood-estimation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=720","title":{"rendered":"Chap03. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Model)\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4 \ucd94\uc815(Likelihood Estimation)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc624\ub298\uc740 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Model)\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4 \ucd94\uc815(Likelihood Estimation)\uacfc \uadf8 \uc801\uc6a9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 <strong>jamovi<\/strong>\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 <strong>R<\/strong> \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615, \uc65c \ud544\uc694\ud55c\uac00\uc694? (\uc9c1\uad00\uc801 \uc774\ud574)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.1 \ud53c\uc154(Fisher)\uc758 \ud615\uc81c\ub4e4 \uc774\uc57c\uae30<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud1b5\uacc4\ud559\uc758 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\ub77c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 Fisher(1925)\ub294 \uc544\uc8fc \uc624\ub798\uc804, \ud615\uc81c(brother) \uc30d\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uba74\uc11c <strong>\uae09\ub0b4\uc0c1\uad00\uacc4\uc218(Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC)<\/strong>\ub77c\ub294 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \ub3c4\uc785\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc0c1\ud669:<\/strong> \ud615\uc81c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc720\uc804\uc801 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uacfc \uac00\uc815\ud658\uacbd\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud615 A\uc758 \ud0a4\uac00 \ud06c\uba74, \ub3d9\uc0dd B\uc758 \ud0a4\ub3c4 \ud074 \ud655\ub960\uc774 \ub192\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubb38\uc81c:<\/strong> \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \ud68c\uadc0\ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc11c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801(\ub0a8\ub0a8)\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud615\uc81c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uc11c\ub85c <strong>&#8216;\uc758\uc874\uc801&#8217;<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uba74 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc624\ub958\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.2 \ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \ud559\uad50\ub85c \uac00\uc838\uc640 \ubcfc\uae4c\uc694?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud615\uc81c = \uac19\uc740 \ubc18 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4:<\/strong> \uac19\uc740 \uc120\uc0dd\ub2d8, \uac19\uc740 \uad50\uc2e4 \ubd84\uc704\uae30, \uac19\uc740 \uae09\uc2dd\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uac00\uc815 = \ud559\uae09(Class):<\/strong> \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc740 \ud559\uae09 \uc548\uc5d0 <strong>\ub0b4\uc7ac(Nested)<\/strong>\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc774\uac83\uc744 <strong>2\uc218\uc900(2-level) \ubaa8\ud615<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub985\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1\uc218\uc900 (Level 1):<\/strong> \ud559\uc0dd \uac1c\uc778 (\ud615\uc81c \uc911 \ud55c \uba85)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2\uc218\uc900 (Level 2):<\/strong> \ud559\uae09 (\ud615\uc81c \uc30d)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uba74, \ub9c8\uce58 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc758 \uc131\uc801\uc774 \uc628\uc804\ud788 \uac1c\uc778\uc758 \ub178\ub825\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uacb0\uc815\ub418\ub294 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \ucc29\uac01\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5b4, \uad50\uc0ac\ub098 \ud559\uad50\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uacfc\uc18c\ud3c9\uac00\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc720\uc758\uc131\uc744 \uacfc\ub300\ud3ec\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \uc2e4\uc218\ub97c \ubc94\ud558\uac8c \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \ubd84\uc11d \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624 \ubc0f \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\ub860\uc744 \uc2e4\uc81c\ucc98\ub7fc \ub290\ub07c\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uac00\uc0c1\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\ud83d\udcd6 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624: &#8216;\ud589\ubcf5\ucd08\ub4f1\ud559\uad50&#8217; \uc218\ud559 \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4 \ubd84\uc11d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ub300\uc0c1:<\/strong> 20\uac1c \ud559\uae09, \ucd1d 500\uba85\uc758 6\ud559\ub144 \ud559\uc0dd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uae30\ub9d0\uace0\uc0ac \uc218\ud559 \uc810\uc218.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc124\uba85\ubcc0\uc218(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>):<\/strong> \uc218\ud559 \ubd88\uc548\uac10 (0~10\uc810, \ub192\uc744\uc218\ub85d \ubd88\uc548).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc5f0\uad6c\ubb38\uc81c:<\/strong> \uc218\ud559 \ubd88\uc548\uac10\uc774 \uc218\ud559 \uc810\uc218\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5\uc740 \ud559\uae09\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ub2e4\ub978\uac00?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 R\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131 (jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5f4\uae30 \uac00\ub2a5)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># R \ucf54\ub4dc: \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\nset.seed(123)\n\n# 1. \uae30\ubcf8 \uc124\uc815\nn_classes &lt;- 20       # 2\uc218\uc900: \ud559\uae09 \uc218\nn_students &lt;- 25      # 1\uc218\uc900: \ud559\uae09\ub2f9 \ud559\uc0dd \uc218 (\uade0\ud615 \uc124\uacc4 \uac00\uc815)\nN &lt;- n_classes * n_students\n\n# 2. 2\uc218\uc900(\ud559\uae09) \ud6a8\uacfc \uc0dd\uc131\nclass_id &lt;- rep(1:n_classes, each = n_students)\n# \ud559\uae09\ubcc4 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc131\uc801\uc758 \ucc28\uc774 (\uc808\ud3b8\uc758 \ubcc0\ub3d9): u0j ~ N(0, 25)\nu0j &lt;- rnorm(n_classes, mean = 0, sd = 5) \n# \ud559\uae09\ubcc4 \ubd88\uc548\uac10 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \ucc28\uc774 (\uae30\uc6b8\uae30\uc758 \ubcc0\ub3d9): u1j ~ N(0, 1)\nu1j &lt;- rnorm(n_classes, mean = 0, sd = 1)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784 \ud655\uc7a5\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ud559\uae09 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\ub9cc\ud07c \ubc18\ubcf5\nu0_expanded &lt;- rep(u0j, each = n_students)\nu1_expanded &lt;- rep(u1j, each = n_students)\n\n# 3. 1\uc218\uc900(\ud559\uc0dd) \ubcc0\uc218 \ubc0f \uc624\ucc28 \uc0dd\uc131\n# \uc218\ud559 \ubd88\uc548\uac10 (X): \ud3c9\uade0 5, \ud45c\uc900\ud3b8\ucc28 2\uc778 \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec\nAnxiety &lt;- rnorm(N, mean = 5, sd = 2)\n# \ud559\uc0dd \uac1c\uc778 \uc624\ucc28 (eij): eij ~ N(0, 36) -> \ud45c\uc900\ud3b8\ucc28 6\neij &lt;- rnorm(N, mean = 0, sd = 6)\n\n# 4. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(Fixed Effects) \uc124\uc815\nbeta_0 &lt;- 70  # \uc804\uccb4 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc218\ud559 \uc810\uc218 (\uc808\ud3b8)\nbeta_1 &lt;- -3  # \ubd88\uc548\uac10\uc774 1\uc810 \uc624\ub97c \ub54c \uc218\ud559 \uc810\uc218 \ubcc0\ud654 (\uae30\uc6b8\uae30)\n\n# 5. \uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218(Y) \uc0dd\uc131: \uc218\ud559 \uc810\uc218\n# Y_ij = (beta_0 + u0j) + (beta_1 + u1j) * X_ij + e_ij\nMath_Score &lt;- (beta_0 + u0_expanded) + (beta_1 + u1_expanded) * Anxiety + eij\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784 \uc0dd\uc131\ndata &lt;- data.frame(\n  Class_ID = factor(class_id),\n  Student_ID = 1:N,\n  Anxiety = Anxiety,\n  Math_Score = Math_Score\n)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud655\uc778\nhead(data)\n\n# CSV \uc800\uc7a5 (jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uae30 \uc704\ud568)\nwrite.csv(data, \"chap03.csv\", row.names = FALSE)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-67b95942-623a-40f5-ab36-c3b197998128\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap03.csv\">chap03<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap03.csv\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-67b95942-623a-40f5-ab36-c3b197998128\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \ucd94\uc815 \ub17c\ub9ac: IGLS \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc774 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c jamovi\ub098 R\uc5d0 \ub123\uace0 &#8220;\ubd84\uc11d\ud574 \uc918&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \ud560 \ub54c, \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \ub0b4\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc77c\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0a0\uae4c\uc694? Goldstein \uad50\uc218\ub294 <strong>IGLS (Iterative Generalized Least Squares, \ubc18\ubcf5 \uc77c\ubc18\ud654 \ucd5c\uc18c\uc790\uc2b9\ubc95)<\/strong>\ub97c \ud575\uc2ec \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc73c\ub85c \uc18c\uac1c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 \ud0c1\uad6c \uce58\uae30 (Ping-Pong) \ube44\uc720<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>IGLS\ub294 \ub9c8\uce58 \ud0c1\uad6c\ub97c \uce58\ub4ef \ub450 \ub2e8\uacc4 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud558\uba70 \uc815\ub2f5\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\uac11\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"\\beta\"><semantics><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>) \ucd94\uc815:<\/strong> &#8220;\uc77c\ub2e8 \ud559\uae09 \ucc28\uc774\ub294 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uace0(\ub610\ub294 \ud604\uc7ac \ucd94\uc815\ub41c \ucc28\uc774\ub97c \uac10\uc548\ud558\uace0) \uc804\uccb4 \ud3c9\uade0 \ud68c\uadc0\uc120\uc744 \uadf8\uc5b4\ubcf4\uc790.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"\\theta\"><semantics><mi>\u03b8<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\theta<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>) \ucd94\uc815:<\/strong> &#8220;\ubc29\uae08 \uadf8\uc740 \uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e4\uc81c \uc810\uc218\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uc9c0? \uc774 \uc794\ucc28(Residuals)\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \ud559\uae09 \uac04 \ubd84\uc0b0(<math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_u\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>u<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_u<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uacfc \ud559\uc0dd \uac04 \ubd84\uc0b0(<math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_e\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_e<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud574\ubcf4\uc790.&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubc18\ubcf5:<\/strong> 2\ubc88\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ud55c \ubd84\uc0b0 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uac00\uc911\uce58\ub97c \uc870\uc808\ud558\uc5ec \ub2e4\uc2dc 1\ubc88(\ud68c\uadc0\uc120)\uc744 \ub354 \uc815\uad50\ud558\uac8c \uadf8\ub9bd\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \uac12\uc774 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0(\uc218\ub834) \uacc4\uc18d\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \ud45c\ud604 (Strict)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 2\uc218\uc900 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + \\beta_1 x_{ij} + u_j + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + \\beta_1 x_{ij} + u_j + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"u_j \\sim N(0, \\sigma^2_u)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>\u223c<\/mo><mi>N<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>0<\/mn><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>u<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_j \\sim N(0, \\sigma^2_u)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ud559\uae09 \ud6a8\uacfc (2\uc218\uc900 \uc794\ucc28)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\epsilon_{ij} \\sim N(0, \\sigma^2_\\epsilon)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>\u223c<\/mo><mi>N<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>0<\/mn><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\epsilon_{ij} \\sim N(0, \\sigma^2_\\epsilon)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ud559\uc0dd \ud6a8\uacfc (1\uc218\uc900 \uc794\ucc28)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>IGLS\ub294 \uc774 \ubaa8\uc218\ub4e4\uc744 \ucd94\uc815\ud560 \ub54c, \ud3b8\ud5a5(Bias)\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub97c \ubcf4\uc815\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud754\ud788 \uc4f0\ub294 <strong>REML (Restricted Maximum Likelihood)<\/strong> \uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc218\uac00 \uc801\uc740 \ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 REML\uc774 \ub354 \uad8c\uc7a5\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. jamovi \ubc0f R\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud55c \ub2e8\uacc4\ubcc4 \ubd84\uc11d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uc81c \uc0dd\uc131\ub41c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ubc14\ud0d5\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud574\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 <code>Linear Models<\/code> &gt; <code>Mixed Models<\/code> \uba54\ub274\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub2e8\uacc4 1: \uc2dc\uac01\ud654 (\uae30\ucd08\uc120 \ud30c\uc545)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uba3c\uc800 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ub208\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud559\uae09\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uc131\uc801 \ubd84\ud3ec\uac00 \ub2e4\ub978\uc9c0 \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># R \uc2dc\uac01\ud654 \ucf54\ub4dc\nlibrary(ggplot2)\nggplot(data, aes(x = Anxiety, y = Math_Score, group = Class_ID)) +\n  geom_point(alpha = 0.3) +\n  geom_smooth(method = \"lm\", se = FALSE, aes(color = Class_ID), size = 0.5) +\n  theme_minimal() +\n  labs(title = \"\ud559\uae09\ubcc4 \uc218\ud559 \ubd88\uc548\uac10\uacfc \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\",\n       subtitle = \"\ud559\uae09\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ud68c\uadc0\uc120(\uae30\uc6b8\uae30\uc640 \uc808\ud3b8)\uc774 \ub2e4\ub984\uc744 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\")\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"796\" height=\"547\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG03-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-722\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG03-1.png 796w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG03-1-300x206.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG03-1-768x528.png 768w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG03-1-624x429.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uadf8\ub798\ud504\ub97c \ubcf4\uba74, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc18\uc740 \uc804\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc810\uc218\uac00 \ub192\uace0(\uc808\ud3b8 \ucc28\uc774), \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc18\uc740 \ubd88\uc548\uac10\uc774 \ucee4\uc838\ub3c4 \uc810\uc218\uac00 \ub35c \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294(\uae30\uc6b8\uae30 \ucc28\uc774) \ud328\ud134\uc744 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub2e8\uacc4 2: \ubb34\uc120\ud615 (Null Model)\uacfc ICC \ud655\uc778<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc544\ubb34\ub7f0 \uc124\uba85\ubcc0\uc218 \uc5c6\uc774, \uc624\uc9c1 \ud559\uae09\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc810\uc218 \ucc28\uc774\ub9cc \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + u_j + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + u_j + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>jamovi \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dependent Variable: <code>Math_Score<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cluster Variable: <code>Class_ID<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Covariates: \uc5c6\uc74c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud574\uc11d:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_u\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>u<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_u<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> (Level 2 \ubd84\uc0b0): \ud559\uae09 \uac04 \uc810\uc218 \ucc28\uc774.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_e\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_e<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> (Level 1 \ubd84\uc0b0): \ud559\uae09 \ub0b4 \ud559\uc0dd \uac04 \uc810\uc218 \ucc28\uc774.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ICC (\uae09\ub0b4\uc0c1\uad00\uacc4\uc218) <\/strong><math data-latex=\"\\rho = \\frac{\\sigma^2_u}{\\sigma^2_u + \\sigma^2_e}\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\u03c1<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>u<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><mrow><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>u<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><mo>+<\/mo><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><\/mrow><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\rho = \\frac{\\sigma^2_u}{\\sigma^2_u + \\sigma^2_e}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \uc804\uccb4 \ubd84\uc0b0 \uc911 \ud559\uae09\uc774 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc728. \ubcf4\ud1b5 0.05~0.1 \uc774\uc0c1\uc774\uba74 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub2e8\uacc4 3: \ub79c\ub364 \uc808\ud3b8 \ubaa8\ud615 (Random Intercept Model)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ubc18\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd88\uc548\uac10\uc774 \uc131\uc801\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5(\uae30\uc6b8\uae30)\uc740 \uac19\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ubc18\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc131\uc801(\uc808\ud3b8)\uc740 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>jamovi \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Covariates\uc5d0 <code>Anxiety<\/code> \ucd94\uac00.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Random Effects\uc5d0 <code>Intercept | Class_ID<\/code> \uccb4\ud06c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc218\uc2dd:<\/strong> <math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + \\beta_1 x_{ij} + u_{0j} + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + \\beta_1 x_{ij} + u_{0j} + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub2e8\uacc4 4: \ub79c\ub364 \uae30\uc6b8\uae30 \ubaa8\ud615 (Random Slope Model)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\ubc18\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc131\uc801\ub3c4 \ub2e4\ub974\uace0, \ubd88\uc548\uac10\uc774 \uc131\uc801\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \ucda9\uaca9\ub3c4 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>jamovi \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Random Effects\uc5d0 <code>Anxiety<\/code>\ub97c \ucd94\uac00 (\uc989, <code>Intercept + Anxiety | Class_ID<\/code>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc218\uc2dd:<\/strong> <math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + \\beta_1 x_{ij} + u_{0j} + u_{1j}x_{ij} + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>1<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\beta_0 + \\beta_1 x_{ij} + u_{0j} + u_{1j}x_{ij} + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c <math data-latex=\"u_{1j}\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>1<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_{1j}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uac00 \ubc14\ub85c \ud559\uae09\ubcc4 \uae30\uc6b8\uae30\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ub9cc\uc57d \uc774 \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ub79c\ub364 \uc808\ud3b8 \ubaa8\ud615\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc801\ud569\ud558\ub2e4\uba74(\uc608: -2 Log Likelihood \ucc28\uc774 \uac80\uc99d), \ud559\uae09\ubcc4\ub85c \ub9de\ucda4\ud615 \uc9c0\ub3c4\uac00 \ud544\uc694\ud568\uc744 \uc2dc\uc0ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ubd84\uc11d \uacb0\uacfc \uc608\uc2dc\ud45c (jamovi \uc2a4\ud0c0\uc77c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>\ud6a8\uacfc (Effects)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\ubaa8\uc218 (Parameter)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\ucd94\uc815\uce58 (Estimate)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\uc758\ubbf8<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc<\/strong><\/td><td>\uc808\ud3b8 (<math data-latex=\"\\beta_0\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/td><td>70.21<\/td><td>\uc804\uccb4 \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 \ud3c9\uade0\uc801\uc778 \uc218\ud559 \uae30\ucd08 \uc810\uc218<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\ubd88\uc548\uac10 (<math data-latex=\"\\beta_1\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/td><td>-3.05<\/td><td>\ubd88\uc548\uac10\uc774 1\uc810 \uc624\ub97c \ub54c \ud3c9\uade0 \uc810\uc218 \ubcc0\ud654<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc<\/strong><\/td><td>\ud559\uae09 \ubd84\uc0b0 (<math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_{u0}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mrow><mi>u<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_{u0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/td><td>26.50<\/td><td>\ud559\uae09 \uac04 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc131\uc801\uc758 \ucc28\uc774 (\ud07c)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\uae30\uc6b8\uae30 \ubd84\uc0b0 (<math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_{u1}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mrow><mi>u<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_{u1}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/td><td>1.12<\/td><td>\ud559\uae09 \uac04 \ubd88\uc548\uac10 \uc601\ud5a5\ub825\uc758 \ucc28\uc774<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\uc794\ucc28 \ubd84\uc0b0 (<math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_{e}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_{e}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/td><td>35.80<\/td><td>\uc124\uba85\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud559\uc0dd \uac1c\uc778\uc758 \ubcc0\ub3d9<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \uc794\ucc28(Residuals)\uc640 \uc9c4\ub2e8: \uc15c\ub85d \ud648\uc988\uac00 \ub418\uc5b4\ubcf4\uc790<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \ub3cc\ub9ac\uace0 \ub098\uba74, \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uac01 \ud559\uad50\ub098 \ud559\uae09\uc758 \uc131\uc801\ud45c(\uc794\ucc28, <math data-latex=\"u_j\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1 \ucd95\uc18c \ucd94\uc815\ub7c9 (Shrunken Residuals)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uadf8 \ubc18\uc758 \ud3c9\uade0\uc744 \uc4f0\ub294 \uac8c \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc804\uccb4 \ud3c9\uade0 \ucabd\uc73c\ub85c \uc0b4\uc9dd \ub2f9\uaca8\uc9c4(Shrinkage) \uac12\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc65c?<\/strong> \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\uac00 \uc801\uc740 \ud559\uae09\uc740 \uc6b0\uc5f0\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc810\uc218\uac00 \ud280\uc5c8\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4\uac00 \ub0ae\uc740(\ud559\uc0dd \uc218\uac00 \uc801\uc740) \ud559\uae09\uc758 \ucd94\uc815\uce58\ub97c \uc804\uccb4 \ud3c9\uade0 \ucabd\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc815\ud574 \uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ub354 <strong>\uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \ucd94\uc815<\/strong>\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc218\uc2dd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 <math data-latex=\"\\hat{u}_j = E(u_j | Y, \\beta, \\theta)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover><mi>u<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">^<\/mo><\/mover><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mi>E<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mi>|<\/mi><mi>Y<\/mi><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mi>\u03b8<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\hat{u}_j = E(u_j | Y, \\beta, \\theta)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub85c \uacc4\uc0b0\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2 \ubaa8\ud615 \uc9c4\ub2e8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc794\ucc28\ub4e4\uc774 \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ub530\ub974\ub294\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Caterpillar Plot (\uc560\ubc8c\ub808 \uadf8\ub9bc):<\/strong> \uac01 \ud559\uae09\uc758 \uc794\ucc28(<math data-latex=\"u_j\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \uc21c\uc11c\ub300\ub85c \ub098\uc5f4\ud558\uc5ec \uc2e0\ub8b0\uad6c\uac04\uc744 \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4. 0\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud559\uae09\uc740 \ud3c9\uade0\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc720\uc758\ud558\uac8c \ub192\uac70\ub098 \ub0ae\uc740 \ud559\uae09\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>QQ Plot:<\/strong> \uc794\ucc28\ub4e4\uc774 \ub300\uac01\uc120 \uc9c1\uc120 \uc704\uc5d0 \uc798 \ub193\uc774\ub294\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud558\uc5ec \uc815\uaddc\uc131\uc744 \uac80\uc99d\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \uc2ec\ud654: \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc2e4 \ubc18\uc601\ud558\uae30<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud604\uc2e4\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 &#8216;\ubc18&#8217;\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc18d\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. Goldstein \uad50\uc218\ub294 \uc774\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \ud655\uc7a5 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 \uad50\ucc28 \ubd84\ub958 (Cross-classified) \ubaa8\ud615<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud559\uc0dd\uc774 <strong>&#8216;\ud559\uad50&#8217;<\/strong>\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc18d\ud558\uace0, \ubc29\uacfc\ud6c4 <strong>&#8216;\ud559\uc6d0&#8217;<\/strong>\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc18d\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \uc5b4\ub5a8\uae4c\uc694?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ud559\uad50\uc640 \ud559\uc6d0\uc740 \uc704\uacc4 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. (A\ud559\uad50 \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 B\ud559\uc6d0\uc5d0 \ub2e4\ub2c8\ub294 \uac8c \uc544\ub2d8).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc774\ub54c\ub294 <math data-latex=\"y_{i(jk)} = (X\\beta) + u_{j}^{(school)} + u_{k}^{(academy)} + e_i\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>j<\/mi><mi>k<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>X<\/mi><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>+<\/mo><msubsup><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><mrow><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">(<\/mo><mi>s<\/mi><mi>c<\/mi><mi>h<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mi>l<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mo>+<\/mo><msubsup><mi>u<\/mi><mi>k<\/mi><mrow><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">(<\/mo><mi>a<\/mi><mi>c<\/mi><mi>a<\/mi><mi>d<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><mi>m<\/mi><mi>y<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>e<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{i(jk)} = (X\\beta) + u_{j}^{(school)} + u_{k}^{(academy)} + e_i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> \ucc98\ub7fc \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 2\uc218\uc900\uc744 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc774\ub54c <math data-latex=\"u_j\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc640 <math data-latex=\"u_k\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>k<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_k<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub97c \ubd84\ub9ac\ud558\uc5ec \uc5b4\ub290 \ucabd \uc601\ud5a5\uc774 \ub354 \ud070\uc9c0 \ubd84\uc11d\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 \ub2e4\uc911 \uc18c\uc18d (Multiple Membership) \ubaa8\ud615<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud55c \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \ud559\uae30 \uc911\uc5d0 1\ubc18\uc5d0\uc11c 2\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \uc804\ud559\uc744 \uac14\ub2e4\uba74\uc694?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc774 \ud559\uc0dd\uc740 1\ubc18\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5(50%)\uacfc 2\ubc18\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5(50%)\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \ubc1b\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uac00\uc911\uce58(<math data-latex=\"w\"><semantics><mi>w<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">w<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec <math data-latex=\"y_i = (X\\beta) + \\sum w_{j} u_{j} + e_i \"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>X<\/mi><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>+<\/mo><mo movablelimits=\"false\">\u2211<\/mo><msub><mi>w<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>e<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_i = (X\\beta) + \\sum w_{j} u_{j} + e_i <\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uba74 \ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc\uac00 \uacfc\uc18c\ucd94\uc815\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \uacb0\ub860 \ubc0f \uc81c\uc5b8<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc624\ub298 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 Fisher\uc758 \ud615\uc81c \uc5f0\uad6c\ubd80\ud130 \uc2dc\uc791\ud558\uc5ec \ud604\ub300\uc758 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(IGLS\/MLE)\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud575\uc2ec:<\/strong> \uad50\uc721 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uacc4\uce35\uc801(Nested)\uc774\uba70, \uc774\ub97c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uba74 \uc624\ub958\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubc29\ubc95:<\/strong> IGLS\/MLE \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \ud0c1\uad6c \uce58\ub4ef \ubc18\ubcf5 \ucd94\uc815\ud558\uc5ec \ucd5c\uc801\uc758 \uac12\uc744 \ucc3e\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud655\uc7a5:<\/strong> jamovi\uc640 R\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ub79c\ub364 \uc808\ud3b8, \ub79c\ub364 \uae30\uc6b8\uae30 \ubaa8\ud615\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uad50\ucc28 \ubd84\ub958 \ubaa8\ud615 \ub4f1\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc7a5\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \ubd84\uc11d \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 &#8220;\uc5b4\ub290 \ud559\uad50\uac00 \uacf5\ubd80\ub97c \uc798\ud558\ub098?&#8221;\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4, <strong>&#8220;\uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud559\uad50 \ud658\uacbd\uc774 \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 \ubd88\uc548\uac10\uc744 \uc644\ucda9\ud574 \uc8fc\ub294\uac00?&#8221;<\/strong>\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uae4a\uc774 \uc788\ub294 \uad50\uc721\uc801 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc5d0 \ub2f5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc (APA Style)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fisher, R. A. (1925). <em>Statistical methods for research workers<\/em>. London: Oliver and Boyd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Goldstein, H. (1986). Multilevel mixed model analysis using iterative generalized least squares. <em>Biometrika, 73<\/em>(1), 43\u201356.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Goldstein, H. (2011). <em>Multilevel statistical models<\/em> (4th ed.). Chichester: Wiley.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Goldstein, H., Rasbash, J., Yang, M., Woodhouse, G., Pan, H., Nuttall, D., &amp; Thomas, S. (1993). A multilevel analysis of school examination results. <em>Oxford Review of Education, 19<\/em>(4), 425\u2013433.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lindley, D. V., &amp; Smith, A. F. M. (1972). Bayes estimates for the linear model. <em>Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 34<\/em>(1), 1\u201341.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Model)\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4 \ucd94\uc815(Likelihood Estimation)\uacfc \uadf8 \uc801\uc6a9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615, \uc65c \ud544\uc694\ud55c\uac00\uc694? (\uc9c1\uad00\uc801 \uc774\ud574) 1.1 \ud53c\uc154(Fisher)\uc758 \ud615\uc81c\ub4e4 \uc774\uc57c\uae30 <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=720\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[399],"tags":[309,145,199,371],"class_list":["post-720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-multilevel","tag-estimation","tag-jamovi","tag-r","tag-371"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chap03. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Model)\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4 \ucd94\uc815(Likelihood Estimation) - WaurimaL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=720\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ko_KR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chap03. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Model)\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4 \ucd94\uc815(Likelihood Estimation) - WaurimaL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Model)\uc758 \uc6b0\ub3c4 \ucd94\uc815(Likelihood Estimation)\uacfc \uadf8 \uc801\uc6a9\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615, \uc65c \ud544\uc694\ud55c\uac00\uc694? 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