{"id":731,"date":"2026-01-18T21:14:41","date_gmt":"2026-01-18T12:14:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=731"},"modified":"2026-01-18T21:14:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-18T12:14:42","slug":"chap05-%ea%b3%a0%ec%a0%95-%ed%9a%a8%ea%b3%bc%ec%99%80-%eb%ac%b4%ec%84%a0-%ed%9a%a8%ea%b3%bc%ec%9d%98-%ec%84%a0%ed%83%9d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=731","title":{"rendered":"Chap05. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><br>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc624\ub298\uc740 <strong>&#8220;\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(Fixed Effects)\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc(Random Effects)\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378&#8221;<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 <strong>jamovi<\/strong>\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 <strong>R<\/strong> \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc65c \uace0\ubbfc\ud558\ub294\uac00?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84, \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Modeling)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \ub54c \uac00\uc7a5 \ud754\ud558\uac8c \ub9c8\uc8fc\uce58\ub294 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;\uad50\uc0ac(\ub610\ub294 \ud559\uad50) \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c <strong>\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(Fixed Effect)<\/strong>\ub85c \ubcfc \uac83\uc778\uac00, <strong>\ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc(Random Effect)<\/strong>\ub85c \ubcfc \uac83\uc778\uac00?&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uc120\ud0dd\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ucde8\ud5a5\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc120\ud0dd\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c <strong>\ubaa8\uc218\uc758 \ud574\uc11d<\/strong>\uc774 \ub2ec\ub77c\uc9c0\uace0, \ucd94\uc815\uc758 <strong>\ud6a8\uc728\uc131(Efficiency)<\/strong>\uacfc <strong>\ud3b8\ud5a5(Bias)<\/strong> \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc911\ub300\ud55c \ud2b8\ub808\uc774\ub4dc\uc624\ud504(Trade-off)\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(FE):<\/strong> \uac01 \uadf8\ub8f9(\ud559\uad50)\uc744 \uace0\uc720\ud55c \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uac00\uc9c4 \uac1c\ubcc4\uc801 \uc874\uc7ac\ub85c \ubcf4\uace0, \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\ub97c \ubcc0\uc218\ub85c \ud22c\uc785\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc(RE):<\/strong> \uac01 \uadf8\ub8f9\uc744 \ubaa8\uc9d1\ub2e8\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd94\ucd9c\ub41c \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ud45c\ubcf8\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uace0, \uadf8\ub8f9 \ud6a8\uacfc\uac00 \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ub530\ub978\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uae00\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774 \ub450 \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\ub97c \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ud558\uace0, <strong>\ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378(Hybrid Model)<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc544\uc8fc \ub9e4\ub825\uc801\uc778 \ub300\uc548\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud568\uaed8 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624: &#8220;\ubc29\uacfc \ud6c4 \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc740 \uc131\uc801\uc744 \uc62c\ub9ac\ub294\uac00?&#8221;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\ud574\ub97c \ub3d5\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uac00\uc0c1\uc758 \uad50\uc721 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc5f0\uad6c \ubb38\uc81c:<\/strong> \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 &#8216;\ubc29\uacfc \ud6c4 \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04(<math data-latex=\"x\"><semantics><mi>x<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">x<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)&#8217;\uc774 &#8216;\uc218\ud559 \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4(<math data-latex=\"y\"><semantics><mi>y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)&#8217;\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uc601\ud5a5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub370\uc774\ud130 \uad6c\uc870:<\/strong> \ud559\uc0dd(<math data-latex=\"i\"><semantics><mi>i<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ud559\uad50(<math data-latex=\"j\"><semantics><mi>j<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc5d0 \uc18c\uc18d\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc74c (2\uc218\uc900 \ub370\uc774\ud130).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc228\uaca8\uc9c4 \ud568\uc815(Confounder):<\/strong> \uc0ac\uc2e4 <strong>&#8216;\ud559\uad50\uc758 \uba74\ud559 \ubd84\uc704\uae30(<math data-latex=\"u\"><semantics><mi>u<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)&#8217;<\/strong>\uac00 \uc88b\uc740 \ud559\uad50\uc77c\uc218\ub85d, \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc758 \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\ub3c4 \uae38\uace0 \uc131\uc801\ub3c4 \ub192\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d \uc774 \ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba74, \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc758 \uc21c\uc218\ud55c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uacfc\ub300\ud3c9\uac00\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uba3c\uc800, R\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc774 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\uc5d0 \ub9de\ub294 \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud574\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uc774 \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c R Studio\ub098 jamovi\uc758 Rj Editor\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2e4\ud589\ud558\uba74 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># &#91;R Code] \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\nset.seed(123)\nn_schools &lt;- 50    # \ud559\uad50 \uc218\nn_students &lt;- 20   # \ud559\uad50\ub2f9 \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\n\n# \ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc (\uba74\ud559 \ubd84\uc704\uae30): \ud559\uad50\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ub2e4\ub984\nschool_effect &lt;- rnorm(n_schools, mean = 0, sd = 10)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784 \uc0dd\uc131\ndata &lt;- data.frame()\n\nfor(j in 1:n_schools) {\n  # \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04(X): \ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \uc0c1\uad00\uc774 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \uc124\uc815 (\uc911\uc694! Assumption \uc704\ubc18 \uc0c1\ud669 \uc5f0\ucd9c)\n  # \uba74\ud559 \ubd84\uc704\uae30\uac00 \uc88b\uc740 \ud559\uad50 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc774 \uacf5\ubd80\ub97c \ub354 \ub9ce\uc774 \ud568\n  study_hours &lt;- rnorm(n_students, mean = 5 + 0.1 * school_effect&#91;j], sd = 1)\n  \n  # \uc218\ud559 \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4(Y): \uae30\ubcf8\uc810\uc218 + \uc790\uc2b5\ud6a8\uacfc(2\uc810) + \ud559\uad50\ud6a8\uacfc + \uc624\ucc28\n  math_score &lt;- 50 + 2 * study_hours + school_effect&#91;j] + rnorm(n_students, mean = 0, sd = 5)\n  \n  temp &lt;- data.frame(school_id = factor(j), study_hours, math_score)\n  data &lt;- rbind(data, temp)\n}\n\n# CSV\ub85c \uc800\uc7a5 (jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uae30 \uc704\ud568)\nwrite.csv(data, \"chap05.csv\", row.names = FALSE)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-82720c90-f090-4c5d-bceb-9d62855e4cd2\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap05.csv\">chap05<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap05.csv\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-82720c90-f090-4c5d-bceb-9d62855e4cd2\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \ub450 \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uac1c\ub150 \ube44\uad50<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1. \ubb34\uc791\uc704 \ud6a8\uacfc \ubaa8\ub378 (Random Effects Model: RE)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubb34\uc791\uc704 \ud6a8\uacfc \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud754\ud788 \uc4f0\ub294 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8 \ud615\ud0dc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc218\uc2dd\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\beta_{0} + \\beta_{1}x_{1ij} + u_{0j} + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mn>1<\/mn><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\beta_{0} + \\beta_{1}x_{1ij} + u_{0j} + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c <math data-latex=\"u_{0j}\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_{0j}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub294 \ud559\uad50\ubcc4 \ud6a8\uacfc(Intercept)\uc778\ub370, RE \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 \uc774 <math data-latex=\"u_{0j}\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_{0j}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uac00 \ud3c9\uade0\uc774 0\uc774\uace0 \ubd84\uc0b0\uc774 <math data-latex=\"\\sigma_{u0}^2\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mrow><mi>u<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma_{u0}^2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc778 <strong>\uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ub530\ub978\ub2e4<\/strong>\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud2b9\uc9d5:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ubd80\ubd84 \ud480\ub9c1(Partial Pooling):<\/strong> \uc804\uccb4 \ud559\uad50\uc758 \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \ube4c\ub824\uc640\uc11c \ucd94\uc815\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c, \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc801\uc740 \ud559\uad50\uc758 \ucd94\uc815\uce58\ub3c4 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4(\uc218\ucd95 \ud6a8\uacfc, Shrinkage).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud6a8\uc728\uc131:<\/strong> \ucd94\uc815\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130\uac00 \uc801\uc5b4(\ubd84\uc0b0\ub9cc \ucd94\uc815\ud558\uba74 \ub428) \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uce58\uba85\uc801 \uac00\uc815:<\/strong> <strong>\ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc(<math data-latex=\"u_{0j}\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/semantics><\/math><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">)\uc640 <\/span>\uc124\uba85\ubcc0\uc218(<math data-latex=\"x_{1ij}\"><semantics><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mn>1<\/mn><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/semantics><\/math><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">, \uc790\uc2b5\uc2dc\uac04)\uac00 \uc11c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc774\uc5b4\uc57c(\uc0c1\uad00\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc57c) \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\ubb38\uc81c\uc810:<\/em> \uc704 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ucc98\ub7fc &#8216;\uba74\ud559 \ubd84\uc704\uae30\uac00 \uc88b\uc740 \ud559\uad50(<math data-latex=\"u\"><semantics><mi>u<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u2191)&#8217;\uc77c\uc218\ub85d &#8216;\uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04(<math data-latex=\"x\"><semantics><mi>x<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">x<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u2191)&#8217;\uc774 \uae38\ub2e4\uba74, \uc774 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uae68\uc9c0\uace0 \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 <strong>\ud3b8\ud5a5(Bias)<\/strong>\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc \ubaa8\ub378 (Fixed Effects Model: FE)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 \uac01 \ud559\uad50\ub97c \uace0\uc720\ud55c \ub354\ubbf8 \ubcc0\uc218(Dummy Variable)\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\uac70\ub098, \ud559\uad50 \ud3c9\uade0\uc744 \ube7c\ubc84\ub9ac\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd(De-meaning)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><math data-latex=\"y_{ij} - \\bar{y}_{j} = \\beta_{1}(x_{1ij} - \\bar{x}_{1j}) + (\\epsilon_{ij} - \\bar{\\epsilon}_{j})\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>\u2212<\/mo><msub><mover><mi>y<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">\u203e<\/mo><\/mover><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mn>1<\/mn><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>\u2212<\/mo><msub><mover><mi>x<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">\u203e<\/mo><\/mover><mrow><mn>1<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>+<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>\u2212<\/mo><msub><mover><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">\u203e<\/mo><\/mover><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} &#8211; \\bar{y}_{j} = \\beta_{1}(x_{1ij} &#8211; \\bar{x}_{1j}) + (\\epsilon_{ij} &#8211; \\bar{\\epsilon}_{j})<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc9c1\uad00\uc801 \uc774\ud574:<\/strong> \ud559\uad50 \uac04\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\ub294 \uc544\uc608 \ubcf4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc624\ub85c\uc9c0 <strong>&#8220;\uac19\uc740 \ud559\uad50 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c(Within-school)&#8221;<\/strong> \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ub298\uc5b4\ub0a0 \ub54c \uc131\uc801\uc774 \uc624\ub974\ub294\uc9c0\ub9cc \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud2b9\uc9d5:<\/strong>\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud3b8\ud5a5 \uc81c\uac70:<\/strong> \ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc(<math data-latex=\"u_{0j}\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_{0j}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uac00 \uc790\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04(<math data-latex=\"x\"><semantics><mi>x<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">x<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uacfc \uc0c1\uad00\uc774 \uc788\ub4e0 \uc5c6\ub4e0 \uc0c1\uad00\uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud559\uad50 \uace0\uc720\uc758 \ud2b9\uc131\uc744 \uc644\ubcbd\ud788 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ube44\ud6a8\uc728\uc131:<\/strong> \ud559\uad50 \uc218\ub9cc\ud07c\uc758 \ub354\ubbf8 \ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uc148\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c \uc790\uc720\ub3c4(df)\ub97c \ub9ce\uc774 \uc7a1\uc544\uba39\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud55c\uacc4:<\/strong> <strong>\uc2dc\uac04(\ub610\ub294 \uadf8\ub8f9)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \ubcc0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ubcc0\uc218<\/strong>(\uc608: \ud559\uad50\uc758 \uc124\ub9bd \uc720\ud615, \uc9c0\uc5ed)\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \ucd94\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub2e4 \uc0ad\uc81c\ub418\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \ubd84\uc11d \uc2e4\uc2b5: jamovi &amp; R<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uc81c jamovi\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \ub450 \ubaa8\ub378\uc744 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\uace0 \ube44\uad50\ud574 \ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(FE) \ubd84\uc11d (in jamovi)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>jamovi\uc5d0\ub294 &#8216;Panel Fixed Effects&#8217; \uc804\uc6a9 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc740 \uc5c6\uc9c0\ub9cc, <strong>\uc77c\ubc18 \uc120\ud615 \ud68c\uadc0(Linear Regression)<\/strong>\uc5d0\uc11c \ud559\uad50 ID\ub97c \ub354\ubbf8 \ubcc0\uc218\ub85c \ub123\uac70\ub098, <strong>GAMLj<\/strong> \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uad6c\ud604\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uac00\uc7a5 \uad50\uacfc\uc11c\uc801\uc778 &#8216;Within Estimator&#8217; \ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 \ubcc0\uc218\ub97c <strong>\uc911\uc2ec\ud654(Centering)<\/strong>\ud558\uc5ec \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[jamovi \uc808\ucc28]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc5f4\uae30:<\/strong> \uc704\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9cc\ub4e0 <code>chap05.csv<\/code>\ub97c \uc5fd\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubcc0\uc218 \uacc4\uc0b0 (Compute):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>mean_study_hours<\/code> = VMEAN(study_hours, group_by=school_id) <em>(\ud559\uad50\ubcc4 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc790\uc2b5\uc2dc\uac04)<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>within_study_hours<\/code> = study_hours &#8211; mean_study_hours <em>(\ud559\uad50 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc911\uc2ec\ud654)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubd84\uc11d (Linear Regression):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218: <code>math_score<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uacf5\ubcc0\ub7c9: <code>within_study_hours<\/code> (\uc774\ub54c \ud559\uad50 \uac04 \ucc28\uc774\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc81c\uac70\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>(\ucc38\uace0: \uc5c4\ubc00\ud55c FE \ucd94\uc815\uce58\ub294 \ub354\ubbf8\ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \ub123\uc5b4\uc57c \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uacc4\uc218\uac12 <\/em><math data-latex=\"\\beta_1\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><em>\uc740 \uc911\uc2ec\ud654\ub41c \ubcc0\uc218 \ud68c\uadc0\uc640 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uc6d0\ub9ac\ub97c \uac16\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2. \ubb34\uc791\uc704 \ud6a8\uacfc(RE) \ubd84\uc11d (in jamovi)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[jamovi \uc808\ucc28]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uba54\ub274:<\/strong> <code>Linear Models<\/code> > <code>Mixed Model<\/code> \uc120\ud0dd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dependent Variable: <code>math_score<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Covariates: <code>study_hours<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cluster: <code>school_id<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Random Effects: <code>Intercept<\/code> \uccb4\ud06c (\ud559\uad50\ubcc4 \uc808\ud3b8\uc744 \ubb34\uc791\uc704\ub85c \uac00\uc815).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3. \uacb0\uacfc \ube44\uad50 \ubc0f \ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub9cc \uac80\uc815 (Hausman Test)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774 \ub450 \ubaa8\ub378 \uc911 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc744 \uc4f8\uc9c0 \uacb0\uc815\ud560 \ub54c <strong>\ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub9cc \uac80\uc815<\/strong>\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uadc0\ubb34\uac00\uc124(<math data-latex=\"H_0\"><semantics><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">H_0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>): RE\uc640 FE\uc758 \ucd94\uc815\uce58 \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4 (\uc989, RE\uac00 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ud3b8\ud5a5\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc73c\ub2c8 RE\ub97c \uc368\ub77c).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ub300\ub9bd\uac00\uc124(<math data-latex=\"H_1\"><semantics><msub><mi>H<\/mi><mn>1<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">H_1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>): \ucc28\uc774\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4 (\uc989, RE\ub294 \ud3b8\ud5a5\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\ub2c8 FE\ub97c \uc368\ub77c).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8 \uba54\ub274\uc5d0\ub294 \ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub9cc \uac80\uc815\uc774 \uc5c6\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c, R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc218\ud589\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ub4a4\uc5d0 \uc18c\uac1c\ud560 <strong>\ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378<\/strong>\ub85c \ub300\uccb4\ud558\uc5ec \ud310\ub2e8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># &#91;R Code] FE vs RE \ubc0f \ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub9cc \uac80\uc815\nlibrary(plm)\n\n# 1. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc \ubaa8\ub378 (Fixed Effects)\nfe_model &lt;- plm(math_score ~ study_hours, data=data, index=c(\"school_id\"), model=\"within\")\n\n# 2. \ubb34\uc791\uc704 \ud6a8\uacfc \ubaa8\ub378 (Random Effects)\nre_model &lt;- plm(math_score ~ study_hours, data=data, index=c(\"school_id\"), model=\"random\")\n\n# 3. \ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub9cc \uac80\uc815\nphtest(fe_model, re_model)\n\n\n\tHausman Test\n\ndata:  math_score ~ study_hours\nchisq = 192.49, df = 1, p-value &lt; 2.2e-16\nalternative hypothesis: one model is inconsistent\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\ud574\uc11d:<\/strong> \ub9cc\uc57d p-value\uac00 0.05\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc791\ub2e4\uba74, RE \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \uac00\uc815(\ud559\uad50\ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 <math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uac00 \ub3c5\ub9bd)\uc774 \uae30\uac01\ub41c \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc989, \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud588\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c FE\ub97c \uc368\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc2e0\ud638\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \ucd5c\uc120\uc758 \ub300\uc548: \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378 (Hybrid Model)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub9ce\uc740 \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 FE\uc640 RE \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub9cc \uace0\ub974\ub294 \uc774\ubd84\ubc95 \ub300\uc2e0, <strong>\ub450 \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \uc7a5\uc810\uc744 \ud569\uce5c \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378<\/strong>\uc744 \ucd94\ucc9c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 &#8216;Mundlak \ubaa8\ub378&#8217; \ub610\ub294 &#8216;Group-Mean Centering&#8217; \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \ubd88\ub9bd\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1. \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \uc6d0\ub9ac<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc124\uba85\ubcc0\uc218 <math data-latex=\"x_{ij}\"><semantics><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">x_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub97c \ub450 \ubd80\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ucabc\uac1c\uc11c \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0 \ub123\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\beta_{0} + \\beta_{W}(x_{ij} - \\bar{x}_{j}) + \\beta_{B}(\\bar{x}_{j}) + u_{0j} + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mi>W<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>\u2212<\/mo><msub><mover><mi>x<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">\u203e<\/mo><\/mover><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mi>B<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mover><mi>x<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">\u203e<\/mo><\/mover><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\beta_{0} + \\beta_{W}(x_{ij} &#8211; \\bar{x}_{j}) + \\beta_{B}(\\bar{x}_{j}) + u_{0j} + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\beta_{W}\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mi>W<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_{W}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong> (Within effect):<\/strong> \ud559\uad50 \ub0b4 \ud6a8\uacfc. \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \uc790\uae30 \ud559\uad50 \ud3c9\uade0\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uacf5\ubd80\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \uc131\uc801\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc624\ub974\ub294\uac00? <strong>(= \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc \ucd94\uc815\uce58\uc640 \ub3d9\uc77c)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\beta_{B}\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mi>B<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_{B}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong> (Between effect):<\/strong> \ud559\uad50 \uac04 \ud6a8\uacfc. \uacf5\ubd80\ub97c \ub9ce\uc774 \uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ud559\uad50\uac00 \uc131\uc801\uc774 \ub354 \ub192\uc740\uac00?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc7a5\uc810:<\/strong>\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ubcc0\uc218 \uac04 \uc0c1\uad00\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ud3b8\ud5a5 \ubb38\uc81c \ud574\uacb0 (FE\uc758 \uc7a5\uc810).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud559\uad50 \uc218\uc900 \ubcc0\uc218\ub098 \ud559\uad50 \uac04 \ucc28\uc774\ub3c4 \ucd94\uc815 \uac00\ub2a5 (RE\uc758 \uc7a5\uc810).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\beta_{W}\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mi>W<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_{W}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc640 <math data-latex=\"\\beta_{B}\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mi>B<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_{B}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uac00 \uac19\uc740\uc9c0 \uac80\uc815\ud558\uc5ec(Wald test), \ub9e5\ub77d \ud6a8\uacfc(Contextual Effect)\uac00 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc74c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2. jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378 \uad6c\ud604\ud558\uae30<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc624\ub298 \uac15\uc758\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uafc0\ud301\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubcc4\ub3c4\uc758 \ucf54\ub529 \uc5c6\uc774 jamovi \uba54\ub274\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\ub2a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[jamovi \uc2e4\uc2b5 \uc808\ucc28]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ubcc0\uc218 \uc0dd\uc131:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc55e\uc11c \ub9cc\ub4e0 <code>mean_study_hours<\/code> (\ud559\uad50 \ud3c9\uade0, Between \uc131\ubd84)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc55e\uc11c \ub9cc\ub4e0 <code>within_study_hours<\/code> (\uac1c\uc778 \ud3b8\ucc28, Within \uc131\ubd84)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mixed Model \ubd84\uc11d:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>Linear Models<\/code> > <code>Mixed Model<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dependent Variable: <code>math_score<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Covariates: <strong><code>within_study_hours<\/code><\/strong> \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 <strong><code>mean_study_hours<\/code><\/strong> \ub450 \uac1c\ub97c \ubaa8\ub450 \ub123\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cluster: <code>school_id<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Random Effects: <code>Intercept<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[\uacb0\uacfc \ud574\uc11d]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><code>within_study_hours<\/code>\uc758 \uacc4\uc218:<\/strong> \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c \uc21c\uc218\ud55c \uac1c\uc778 \ub178\ub825\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud559\uad50 \ubd84\uc704\uae30(\uad50\ub780\ubcc0\uc218)\uac00 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub41c <strong>FE \ucd94\uc815\uce58<\/strong>\uc640 \uac19\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>mean_study_hours<\/code>\uc758 \uacc4\uc218:<\/strong> \ud559\uad50 \uac04\uc758 \ucc28\uc774 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d Within \uacc4\uc218\uc640 Between \uacc4\uc218\uac00 \ud06c\uac8c \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4\uba74, \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uac1c\uc778 \ub178\ub825\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ud559\uad50 \ubd84\uc704\uae30\uac00 \uc131\uc801\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \uc2dc\uc0ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \uacb0\ub860 \ubc0f \uc81c\uc5b8<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf8 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \uc694\uc57d\ud558\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ubb34\uc791\uc704 \ud6a8\uacfc(RE)<\/strong>\ub294 \ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub8f9 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \uc124\uba85\ubcc0\uc218\uac00 \uad00\ub828\uc774 \uc788\uc744 \uacbd\uc6b0 \ud3b8\ud5a5\ub420 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4 (\uad50\uc721 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud754\ud55c \uc77c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(FE)<\/strong>\ub294 \ud3b8\ud5a5\uc744 \uc81c\uac70\ud574\uc8fc\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub8f9 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \ubcc0\uc218(\uc608: \uc0ac\ub9bd\/\uacf5\ub9bd \uc5ec\ubd80)\ub97c \ubd84\uc11d\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uace0 \ube44\ud6a8\uc728\uc801\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup>21<\/sup>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378<\/strong>\uc740 \uc124\uba85\ubcc0\uc218\ub97c &#8216;\uadf8\ub8f9 \ub0b4 \ud3b8\ucc28(Within)&#8217;\uc640 &#8216;\uadf8\ub8f9 \ud3c9\uade0(Between)&#8217;\uc73c\ub85c \ubd84\ud574\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0 \ud22c\uc785\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368, <strong>\ud3b8\ud5a5 \uc81c\uac70\uc640 \uc815\ubcf4 \ud65c\uc6a9\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ub450 \ub9c8\ub9ac \ud1a0\ub07c\ub97c \ubaa8\ub450 \uc7a1\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>WaurimaL\uc758 \uc870\uc5b8:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud559\uad50 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ubd84\uc11d\ud560 \ub54c, \ubb34\uc870\uac74 RE\ub9cc \ub3cc\ub9ac\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc138\uc694. \uc124\uba85\ubcc0\uc218\ub97c \ud559\uad50 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c(Group-mean centering) \ubcc0\ud658\ud558\uc5ec \ud22c\uc785\ud558\ub294 \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \uc811\uadfc\ubc95\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74, \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \ud48d\ubd80\ud558\uace0 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \uad50\uc721\uc801 \uc2dc\uc0ac\uc810\uc744 \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcda \ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc (APA Style)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Townsend, Z., Buckley, J., Harada, M., &amp; Scott, M. A. (2013). The choice between fixed and random effects. In <em>The SAGE Handbook of Multilevel Modeling<\/em> (pp. 73-88). SAGE Publications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allison, P. D. (2009). <em>Fixed effects regression models<\/em>. SAGE.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bafumi, J., &amp; Gelman, A. (2006). Fitting multilevel models when predictors and group effects correlate. <em>Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association<\/em>, Chicago, IL.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. <em>Econometrica, 46<\/em>, 1251\u20131271.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Raudenbush, S. W., &amp; Bryk, A. S. (2002). <em>Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods<\/em> (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wooldridge, J. (2010). <em>Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data<\/em>. MIT Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 &#8220;\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(Fixed Effects)\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc(Random Effects)\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378&#8221;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc65c \uace0\ubbfc\ud558\ub294\uac00? \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84, <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=731\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[399],"tags":[145,199,409,400,410,412,411],"class_list":["post-731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-multilevel","tag-jamovi","tag-r","tag-409","tag-400","tag-410","tag-412","tag-411"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chap05. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd - WaurimaL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=731\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ko_KR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chap05. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd - WaurimaL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 &#8220;\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc(Fixed Effects)\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc(Random Effects)\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378&#8221;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc65c \uace0\ubbfc\ud558\ub294\uac00? \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84, Read more\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=731\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"WaurimaL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-01-18T12:14:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-18T12:14:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\uae00\uc4f4\uc774\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\uc608\uc0c1 \ub418\ub294 \ud310\ub3c5 \uc2dc\uac04\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7\ubd84\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=731#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=731\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e761145380f742e758f3c58f1607b704\"},\"headline\":\"Chap05. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-01-18T12:14:41+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-18T12:14:42+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=731\"},\"wordCount\":403,\"keywords\":[\"jamovi\",\"r\",\"\uace0\uc815\ud6a8\uacfc\",\"\ub2e4\uce35\ubd84\uc11d\",\"\ubb34\uc120\ud6a8\uacfc\",\"\ud558\uc6b0\uc2a4\ub9cc\uac80\uc815\",\"\ud558\uc774\ube0c\ub9ac\ub4dc \ubaa8\ub378\"],\"articleSection\":[\"\ub2e4\uce35\ubd84\uc11d\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ko-KR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=731\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/waurimal.kr\\\/?p=731\",\"name\":\"Chap05. \uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc640 \ubb34\uc120 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd - 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