{"id":768,"date":"2026-01-22T21:59:54","date_gmt":"2026-01-22T12:59:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=768"},"modified":"2026-01-22T21:59:55","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T12:59:55","slug":"chap12-%eb%8b%a4%ec%b8%b5%eb%aa%a8%ed%98%95%ea%b3%bc-%ec%9d%b8%ea%b3%bc%ec%b6%94%eb%a1%a0multilevel-models-and-causal-inference","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=768","title":{"rendered":"Chap12. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860(Multilevel Models and Causal Inference)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc624\ub298\uc740 <strong>&#8220;\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860(Multilevel Models and Causal Inference)&#8221;<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 <strong>jamovi<\/strong>\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 <strong>R<\/strong> \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc65c \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc778\uac00?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \ud68c\uadc0\ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \uc11c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uad50\uc721 \ud604\uc7a5\uc740 \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uac19\uc740 \ud559\uad50, \uac19\uc740 \ubc18 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc740 \uae09\ud6c8, \ub2f4\uc784 \uc120\uc0dd\ub2d8, \ud559\uad50 \ubd84\uc704\uae30 \ub4f1\uc744 \uacf5\uc720\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c <strong>\uc704\uacc4\uc801 \uad6c\uc870(Hierarchical Structure)<\/strong> \ub610\ub294 <strong>\uc9d1\ub2e8 \uc758\uc874\uc131(Group Dependencies)<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860(Causal Inference)\uc758 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c, \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uacc4\uce35 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uac00\uc9c8 \ub54c \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Model)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc120\ud638\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, <strong>\ud3b8\ud5a5(Bias)\uc744 \uc904\uc774\uace0 \uc815\ud655\ud55c \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28\ub97c \ucd94\uc815\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ud544\uc218 \uc804\ub7b5<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860\uc758 \uae30\ucd08 \uac1c\ub150\uacfc \uad50\uc721\uc801 \uc608\uc2dc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubcf8\uaca9\uc801\uc778 \ubd84\uc11d\uc5d0 \uc55e\uc11c, \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec \uac1c\ub150\uc744 \ud559\uad50 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \ube57\ub300\uc5b4 \uc815\uc758\ud574 \ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801 \uacb0\uacfc (Potential Outcomes)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud559\uc0dd \ucca0\uc218(<math data-latex=\"i\"><semantics><mi>i<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uac00 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"y_i(1)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_i(1)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ucca0\uc218\uac00 &#8216;\ubc29\uacfc\ud6c4 \ubcf4\ucda9\uc218\uc5c5(<math data-latex=\"z=1\"><semantics><mrow><mi>z<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">z=1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)&#8217;\uc744 <strong>\ub4e4\uc5c8\uc744 \ub54c<\/strong>\uc758 \uc131\uc801<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"y_i(0)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>0<\/mn><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_i(0)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ucca0\uc218\uac00 &#8216;\ubc29\uacfc\ud6c4 \ubcf4\ucda9\uc218\uc5c5(<math data-latex=\"z=0\"><semantics><mrow><mi>z<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mn>0<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">z=0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)&#8217;\uc744 <strong>\ub4e3\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc744 \ub54c<\/strong>\uc758 \uc131\uc801<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc778\uacfc \ud6a8\uacfc(Causal Effect)\ub294 \uc774 \ub458\uc758 \ucc28\uc774 <math data-latex=\"y_i(1) - y_i(0)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>\u2212<\/mo><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>0<\/mn><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_i(1) &#8211; y_i(0)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud604\uc2e4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ucca0\uc218\uac00 \uc218\uc5c5\uc744 \ub4e3\uac70\ub098, \ub4e3\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac70\ub098 \ub458 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\ub9cc \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c <strong>&#8220;\uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860\uc758 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c(Missing Data Problem)&#8221;<\/strong>\ub77c\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 SUTVA (Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uac00\uc815\uc740 &#8220;\ucca0\uc218\uac00 \ubcf4\ucda9\uc218\uc5c5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc5ec\ubd80\uac00, \uc606 \uc9dd\uafcd \uc601\ud76c\uc758 \uc131\uc801\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc8fc\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc544\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4(\uc0c1\ud638\uac04\uc12d \uc5c6\uc74c)&#8221;\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ubb38\uc81c\uc810:<\/strong> \ud559\uad50\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uc790\uc8fc \uae68\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucca0\uc218\uac00 \ubcf4\ucda9\uc218\uc5c5\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc30\uc6b4 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \uc601\ud76c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc54c\ub824\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 <strong>\uc9d1\ub2e8(\ud559\uad50\/\ud559\uae09) \ub2e8\uc704 \ubb34\uc120\ud654<\/strong>\uac00 \uad8c\uc7a5\ub418\uae30\ub3c4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \uc5f0\uad6c \uc124\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615 \uc801\uc6a9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 \ubb34\uc120\ud654 \uc2e4\ud5d8 (Randomized Experiments)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uac00\uc7a5 \uc774\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc0c1\ud669\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucc98\uce58(Treatment)\uac00 \ubb34\uc791\uc704\ub85c \ubc30\uc815\ub418\uba74, \ud3c9\uade0\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub450 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc740 \uc131\ud5a5\uc774 \ube44\uc2b7\ud574\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4(<math data-latex=\"E[y_i(1)] = E[y_i|z_i=1]\"><semantics><mrow><mi>E<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">[<\/mo><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">]<\/mo><mo>=<\/mo><mi>E<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">[<\/mo><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mi>|<\/mi><msub><mi>z<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">]<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E[y_i(1)] = E[y_i|z_i=1]<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. \uac1c\uc778 \ub2e8\uc704 \ubb34\uc120\ubc30\uc815 (\ud559\uc0dd\ubcc4 \uc81c\ube44\ubf51\uae30)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \ubb34\uc791\uc704\ub85c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 &#8216;\ub3c5\uc11c \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8&#8217;\uc744 \ubc30\uc815\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc740 \ud559\uad50(<math data-latex=\"j\"><semantics><mi>j<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub77c\ub294 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud574 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud559\uad50\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ud3c9\uade0 \ub3c5\uc11c \ub2a5\ub825\uc774 \ub2e4\ub97c \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c, \uc774\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud55c \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Random Intercept Model)\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\mu + \\alpha_j + \\tau z_{ij} + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b1<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mi>\u03c4<\/mi><msub><mi>z<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\mu + \\alpha_j + \\tau z_{ij} + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\alpha_j\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b1<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\alpha_j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: <math data-latex=\"j\"><semantics><mi>j<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ubc88\uc9f8 \ud559\uad50\uc758 \uace0\uc720\ud55c \ud2b9\uc131(\ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc, \ub79c\ub364 \uc808\ud3b8)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\tau\"><semantics><mi>\u03c4<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\tau<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ub3c5\uc11c \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc (\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc54c\uace0 \uc2f6\uc740 \uac12)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc4f0\uba74 \ud559\uad50 \uac04 \ucc28\uc774(<math data-latex=\"\\alpha_j\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b1<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\alpha_j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uace0 \uc21c\uc218\ud55c \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8 \ud6a8\uacfc(<math data-latex=\"\\tau\"><semantics><mi>\u03c4<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\tau<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \ub354 \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \ucd94\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B. \uc9d1\ub2e8 \ub2e8\uc704 \ubb34\uc120\ubc30\uc815 (\ud559\uad50\ubcc4 \uc81c\ube44\ubf51\uae30)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad50\uc721 \uc815\ucc45 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud754\ud788 <strong>&#8220;A\ud559\uad50\ub294 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uad70, B\ud559\uad50\ub294 \ub300\uc870\uad70&#8221;<\/strong>\uc73c\ub85c \ubc30\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \uad70\uc9d1 \ubb34\uc120\ud654(Cluster Randomized Experiments)\ub77c\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc774\uc720:<\/strong> &#8216;\ud559\uad50 \ud3ed\ub825 \uc608\ubc29 \ucea0\ud398\uc778&#8217;\ucc98\ub7fc \ud559\uad50 \uc804\uccb4 \ubd84\uc704\uae30\ub97c \ubc14\uafb8\ub294 \ucc98\uce58\ub294 \ud559\uc0dd \uac1c\uc778\ubcc4\ub85c \ucabc\uac1c\uc11c \uc801\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubd84\uc11d:<\/strong> \ucc98\uce58 \ubcc0\uc218(<math data-latex=\"z_j\"><semantics><msub><mi>z<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">z_j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uac00 \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\uc900(<math data-latex=\"i\"><semantics><mi>i<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc774 \uc544\ub2cc \ud559\uad50 \uc218\uc900(<math data-latex=\"j\"><semantics><mi>j<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac11\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 \uad00\ucc30 \uc5f0\uad6c (Observational Studies)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud604\uc2e4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubb34\uc120 \ubc30\uc815\uc774 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud560 \ub54c(\uc608: \uc0ac\ub9bd\ud559\uad50 \uc9c4\ud559 \ud6a8\uacfc), \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 <strong>\ubb34\uc2dc\uac00\ub2a5\uc131(Ignorability)<\/strong> \uac00\uc815\uc744 \ub3c4\uc785\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc989, &#8220;\ubd80\ubaa8\uc758 \uc18c\ub4dd, \uc9c0\ub2a5 \ub4f1 \uacf5\ubcc0\ub7c9(<math data-latex=\"x\"><semantics><mi>x<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">x<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc774 \uac19\ub2e4\uba74, \uc0ac\ub9bd\ud559\uad50\uc640 \uacf5\ub9bd\ud559\uad50 \ud559\uc0dd\uc740 \ube44\uad50 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc131\ud5a5\uc810\uc218(Propensity Score) \ud65c\uc6a9:<\/strong> \ub2e4\uce35 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc131\ud5a5\uc810\uc218\ub97c \ucd94\uc815\ud560 \ub54c\ub3c4 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc88b\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. [\uc2e4\uc2b5] jamovi &amp; R\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud55c \ub2e4\uce35 \uc778\uacfc \ubd84\uc11d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uc81c \uac00\uc0c1\uc758 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc2e4\uc81c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\uace0 \ubd84\uc11d\ud574 \ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1 \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624: &#8220;\uc544\uce68 \ub3c5\uc11c \ub9c8\ub77c\ud1a4&#8221; \ud6a8\uacfc \ubd84\uc11d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>\uc5f0\uad6c \ubc30\uacbd:<\/strong> \uacbd\uae30\ub3c4 \uad50\uc721\uccad\uc740 \ucd08\ub4f1\ud559\uc0dd\uc758 \uc5b4\ud718\ub825 \ud5a5\uc0c1\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ub9e4\uc77c \uc544\uce68 20\ubd84\uac04 \ucc45\uc744 \uc77d\ub294 &#8216;\uc544\uce68 \ub3c5\uc11c \ub9c8\ub77c\ud1a4&#8217; \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uc744 \uac1c\ubc1c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\uc5f0\uad6c \uc124\uacc4:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ucd1d 20\uac1c \ud559\uad50, \ud559\uad50\ub2f9 30\uba85\uc758 \ud559\uc0dd(\ucd1d 600\uba85).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uad70\uc9d1 \ubb34\uc120\ud654(Cluster RCT):<\/strong> \ud559\uad50 \ub2e8\uc704\ub85c \uc81c\ube44\ubf51\uae30\ub97c \ud558\uc5ec 10\uac1c \ud559\uad50\ub294 &#8216;\ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8 \uc2dc\ud589(Treatment)&#8217;, 10\uac1c \ud559\uad50\ub294 &#8216;\uae30\uc874 \uc790\uc2b5(Control)&#8217;\uc744 \ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub370\uc774\ud130 \uad6c\uc870:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Level 1: \ud559\uc0dd (\uc0ac\ud6c4 \uc5b4\ud718\ub825 \uc810\uc218 <code>score<\/code>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Level 2: \ud559\uad50 (<code>school_id<\/code>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ucc98\uce58: <code>program<\/code> (1=\uc2dc\ud589, 0=\ubbf8\uc2dc\ud589)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2 R\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>jamovi\ub294 R \uae30\ubc18\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c, \uc544\ub798 \ucf54\ub4dc\ub85c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud558\uc5ec CSV\ub85c \uc800\uc7a5\ud55c \ub4a4 jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uba74 \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \ud544\uc218 \ub77c\uc774\ube0c\ub7ec\ub9ac \ub85c\ub4dc\nlibrary(lme4)\nlibrary(tidyverse)\n\nset.seed(2026) # \uc7ac\ud604\uc131\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc2dc\ub4dc \uc124\uc815\n\n# 1. \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130 \uc124\uc815\nn_schools &lt;- 20       # \ud559\uad50 \uc218\nn_students &lt;- 30      # \ud559\uad50\ub2f9 \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\nn_total &lt;- n_schools * n_students\n\n# 2. \ud559\uad50 \uc218\uc900 \ud6a8\uacfc (Level 2)\n# \ud559\uad50\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ud3c9\uade0 \uc5b4\ud718\ub825\uc774 \ub2e4\ub984 (\ud45c\uc900\ud3b8\ucc28 5)\nschool_intercept &lt;- rnorm(n_schools, mean = 0, sd = 5)\n\n# \ucc98\uce58 \ubc30\uc815 (\ud559\uad50 \ub2e8\uc704 \ubb34\uc120\ud654)\n# 1~10\ubc88 \ud559\uad50: \ud1b5\uc81c\uad70(0), 11~20\ubc88 \ud559\uad50: \uc2e4\ud5d8\uad70(1)\nschool_treatment &lt;- c(rep(0, 10), rep(1, 10))\n\n# \ud559\uad50 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784\nschool_data &lt;- data.frame(\n  school_id = 1:n_schools,\n  school_eff = school_intercept,\n  program = school_treatment\n)\n\n# 3. \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\uc900 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131 (Level 1)\ndata &lt;- data.frame(\n  student_id = 1:n_total,\n  school_id = rep(1:n_schools, each = n_students)\n)\n\n# \ud559\uad50 \uc815\ubcf4 \ubcd1\ud569\ndata &lt;- left_join(data, school_data, by = \"school_id\")\n\n# 4. \uacb0\uacfc \ubcc0\uc218 \uc0dd\uc131 (\uc5b4\ud718\ub825 \uc810\uc218)\n# \uae30\ubcf8 \uc810\uc218 70\uc810 + \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8 \ud6a8\uacfc 8\uc810 + \ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc + \uac1c\uc778 \uc624\ucc28(sd=8)\n# y_ij = 70 + 8 * z_j + u_j + e_ij\ndata &lt;- data %&gt;%\n  mutate(\n    error = rnorm(n_total, mean = 0, sd = 8),\n    score = 70 + 8 * program + school_eff + error\n  )\n\n# \ud329\ud130 \ubcc0\ud658\ndata$school_id &lt;- as.factor(data$school_id)\ndata$program &lt;- factor(data$program, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c(\"Control\", \"Treatment\"))\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud655\uc778\nhead(data)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-802365da-92a4-4728-8f58-f0a0f50b5fbb\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12.csv\">chap12<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12.csv\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-802365da-92a4-4728-8f58-f0a0f50b5fbb\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3 jamovi \ubd84\uc11d \uc808\ucc28<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \ud559\uad50 \uac04 \ucc28\uc774(School Effect)\uac00 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\uace0, \ucc98\uce58\uac00 \ud559\uad50 \ub2e8\uc704\ub85c \ubd80\uc5ec\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c <strong>\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Linear Mixed Model)<\/strong>\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud574\uc57c \uc815\ud655\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Step 1: \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud0d0\uc0c9 \ubc0f \uc2dc\uac01\ud654<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \uc804\uc5d0 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ub208\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>jamovi \uba54\ub274:<\/strong> <code>Exploration<\/code> > <code>Descriptives<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>Variables<\/code>\uc5d0 <code>score<\/code>\ub97c \ub123\uace0, <code>Split by<\/code>\uc5d0 <code>program<\/code>\uc744 \ub123\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Box Plot:<\/strong> \ud559\uad50\ubcc4 \ucc28\uc774\ub97c \ubcf4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 <code>Box plot<\/code>\uc744 \uccb4\ud06c\ud558\uace0, X\ucd95\uc5d0 <code>program<\/code>\uc744 \ub461\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\u203b jamovi \uae30\ubcf8 \uae30\ub2a5\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ud559\uad50\ubcc4 boxplot\uc744 \ud55c \ubc88\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub9ac\uae30 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b0\ubbc0\ub85c R \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc778 <code>seolmatrix<\/code>\ub098 <code>scatr<\/code> \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc744 \uc124\uce58\ud558\uc5ec \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\ud558\uba74 \uc88b\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[R \uc2dc\uac01\ud654 \ucf54\ub4dc]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \ud559\uad50\ubcc4 \uc810\uc218 \ubd84\ud3ec \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\nggplot(data, aes(x = school_id, y = score, fill = program)) +\n  geom_boxplot() +\n  theme_minimal() +\n  labs(title = \"\ud559\uad50\ubcc4 \uc5b4\ud718\ub825 \uc810\uc218 \ubd84\ud3ec\", y = \"\uc5b4\ud718\ub825 \uc810\uc218\", x = \"\ud559\uad50 ID\")\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"932\" height=\"546\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG12-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-770\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG12-1.png 932w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG12-1-300x176.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG12-1-768x450.png 768w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/FIG12-1-624x366.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 932px) 100vw, 932px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\ud574\uc11d:<\/strong> \uc0c1\uc790 \uadf8\ub9bc\uc744 \ubcf4\uba74 \uac19\uc740 \ucc98\uce58 \uc9d1\ub2e8 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ud559\uad50\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uc810\uc218\uc758 \ub192\ub0ae\uc774\uac00 \ub2e4\ub984\uc744 \uc54c \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c <math data-latex=\"\\alpha_j\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b1<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\alpha_j<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> (\ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc)\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Step 2: \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615 \ubd84\uc11d (Linear Mixed Models)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ubaa8\ub4c8 \uc120\ud0dd:<\/strong> \uc0c1\ub2e8 \uba54\ub274\uc5d0\uc11c <code>Linear Models<\/code> > <code>Mixed Model<\/code>\uc744 \ud074\ub9ad\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\ubcf4\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba74 jamovi Library\uc5d0\uc11c <code>GAMLj<\/code> \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc744 \uc124\uce58\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uac15\ub825 \ucd94\ucc9c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 \uae30\ubcf8 <code>Mixed Model<\/code> \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubcc0\uc218 \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dependent Variable (\uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218):<\/strong> <code>score<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Covariates (\uacf5\ubcc0\ub7c9) \ub610\ub294 Factors:<\/strong> <code>program<\/code> (\ucc98\uce58 \ubcc0\uc218)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cluster (\uad70\uc9d1 \ubcc0\uc218):<\/strong> <code>school_id<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Random Effects (\ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc) \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\uc67c\ucabd\uc758 <code>program<\/code>\uc744 \uc624\ub978\ucabd\uc73c\ub85c \uc62e\uae30\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0, <strong>Intercept<\/strong>\ub9cc <code>Random Coefficients<\/code>\uc5d0 \ub461\ub2c8\ub2e4. (\uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c <code>(Intercept | school_id)<\/code>\ub85c \uc124\uc815\ub428)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\uc774\ub294 \ud559\uad50\ub9c8\ub2e4 <strong>\ud3c9\uade0 \uc810\uc218(\uc808\ud3b8)\uac00 \ub2e4\ub984<\/strong>\uc744 \ud5c8\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fixed Effects (\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc) \uc124\uc815:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>program<\/code>\uc744 <code>Model Terms<\/code>\uc5d0 \ub123\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc54c\uace0 \uc2f6\uc740 &#8216;\ub3c5\uc11c \ub9c8\ub77c\ud1a4 \ud6a8\uacfc&#8217;\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Step 3: \uacb0\uacfc \ud574\uc11d<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>jamovi\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\ud45c(Estimates)\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uc720\uc0ac\ud558\uac8c \ub098\uc635\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Effect<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Estimate<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>SE<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>t<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>p<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Intercept<\/td><td>72.574<\/td><td>0.972<\/td><td>74.681<\/td><td>&lt; .001<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>program (Treatment)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>10.162<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1.944<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>5.228<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>&lt; .001<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fixed Effects:<\/strong> <code>program<\/code>\uc758 Estimate\uac00 \uc57d <strong>10.162<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc989, \ub3c5\uc11c \ub9c8\ub77c\ud1a4\uc744 \ud55c \ud559\uad50 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc774 \ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ud559\uad50\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud3c9\uade0\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc57d 10.162\uc810 \ub354 \ub192\uc740 \uc5b4\ud718\ub825\uc744 \ubcf4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <math data-latex=\"p < .05\"><semantics><mrow><mi>p<\/mi><mo>&lt;<\/mo><mn>.05<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">p &lt; .05<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc720\uc758\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Random Components (Variance):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\sigma^2_{school}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mrow><mi>s<\/mi><mi>c<\/mi><mi>h<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mi>o<\/mi><mi>l<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\sigma^2_{school}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> (School Intercept): \ud559\uad50 \uac04 \ubd84\uc0b0. \uc774 \uac12\uc774 0\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud06c\ub2e4\uba74 \ud559\uad50 \ud6a8\uacfc\uac00 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient): \uc804\uccb4 \ubd84\uc0b0 \uc911 \ud559\uad50\uac00 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc728\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \uc2ec\ud654: \ubd88\uc751(Noncompliance)\uacfc \ub3c4\uad6c\ubcc0\uc218(IV)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc2e4\ud5d8\uc744 \ud588\ub294\ub370, \ub3c5\uc11c \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uc744 \ud558\ub77c\uace0 \ubc30\uc815\ubc1b\uc740 \ud559\uad50\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80 \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \ub561\ub561\uc774\ub97c \ucce4\ub2e4\uba74(Noncompliance) \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub420\uae4c\uc694? \uc774\ub54c\ub294 <strong>&#8220;\ubc30\uc815\ub41c \uc0c1\ud0dc(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"z\"><semantics><mi>z<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">z<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>)&#8221;<\/strong>\ub97c <strong>\ub3c4\uad6c\ubcc0\uc218(Instrument)<\/strong>\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec, \uc2e4\uc81c <strong>&#8220;\ucc38\uc5ec\ud55c \uc0c1\ud0dc(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"d\"><semantics><mi>d<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">d<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>)&#8221;<\/strong>\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \ucd94\uc815\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">jamovi\/R \uad6c\ud604 (2\ub2e8\uacc4 \ucd5c\uc18c\uc790\uc2b9\ubc95 \uac1c\ub150)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1\ub2e8\uacc4:<\/strong> \uc2e4\uc81c \ucc38\uc5ec \uc5ec\ubd80(<math data-latex=\"d\"><semantics><mi>d<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">d<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \ubc30\uc815 \uc5ec\ubd80(<math data-latex=\"z\"><semantics><mi>z<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">z<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub85c \uc608\uce21\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<br><math data-latex=\"d_{ij} = \\gamma_j + \\delta z_{ij} + \\nu_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>d<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b3<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mi>\u03b4<\/mi><msub><mi>z<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03bd<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">d_{ij} = \\gamma_j + \\delta z_{ij} + \\nu_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2\ub2e8\uacc4:<\/strong> 1\ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc608\uce21\ub41c \ucc38\uc5ec\uac12(<math data-latex=\"\\hat{d}\"><semantics><mover><mi>d<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-capshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">^<\/mo><\/mover><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\hat{d}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc810\uc218(<math data-latex=\"y\"><semantics><mi>y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ub97c \uc608\uce21\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<br><math data-latex=\"y_{ij} = \\alpha_j + \\tau \\hat{d}_{ij} + \\epsilon_{ij}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b1<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mi>\u03c4<\/mi><msub><mover><mi>d<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-capshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">^<\/mo><\/mover><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>j<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{ij} = \\alpha_j + \\tau \\hat{d}_{ij} + \\epsilon_{ij}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \ubd84\uc11d\uc740 jamovi\uc758 <code>sem<\/code> (\uad6c\uc870\ubc29\uc815\uc2dd) \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc774\ub098 R\uc758 <code>AER<\/code> \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0(<code>ivreg<\/code>)\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc218\ud589\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac74 <strong>\ubc30\uc815(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"z\"><semantics><mi>z<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">z<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>)\uc740 \uc624\uc9c1 \ucc38\uc5ec(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"d\"><semantics><mi>d<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">d<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>)\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c\ub9cc \uacb0\uacfc(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"y\"><semantics><mi>y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>)\uc5d0 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uccd0\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4(\ubc30\uc81c \uc81c\ud55c)<\/strong>\ub294 \uac00\uc815\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \uacb0\ub860<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud55c \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860\uc740 \uad50\uc721 \ud604\uc7a5\uacfc \uac19\uc774 <strong>&#8220;\uc9d1\ub2e8 \uc18d\uc5d0 \uac1c\uc778\uc774 \uc18d\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130&#8221;<\/strong>\ub97c \ubd84\uc11d\ud560 \ub54c \uac00\uc7a5 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc124\uacc4:<\/strong> \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\uba74 \ud559\uad50 \ub2e8\uc704 \ubb34\uc120\ud654(Cluster RCT)\uac00 \uc0c1\ud638\uac04\uc12d(SUTVA \uc704\ubc30) \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud53c\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc720\ub9ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubd84\uc11d:<\/strong> \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ud3c9\uade0\uc744 \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 t-test \ub300\uc2e0, \ud559\uad50\uc758 \ubb34\uc120 \uc808\ud3b8(Random Intercept)\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ud63c\ud569 \ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud574\uc57c \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28\uc758 \uacfc\uc18c\ucd94\uc815\uc744 \ub9c9\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud574\uc11d:<\/strong> \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 &#8220;\uac1c\uc778 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc&#8221;\uc778\uc9c0 &#8220;\ud559\uad50 \uc218\uc900\uc758 \ud6a8\uacfc&#8221;\uc778\uc9c0 \uba85\ud655\ud788 \uad6c\ubd84\ud558\uc5ec \ud574\uc11d\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uc7a5\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0 \ud2bc\ud2bc\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\ub860\uc801 \uae30\ucd08\uac00 \ub418\uae30\ub97c \ubc14\ub78d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc (APA Style)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Almond, D., Chay, K., &amp; Lee, D. (2005). The costs of low birth weight. <em>The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120<\/em>(3), 1031-1083.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Angrist, J. D., Imbens, G. W., &amp; Rubin, D. B. (1996). Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. <em>Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91<\/em>(434), 444-472.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cornfield, J. (1978). Randomization by group: A formal analysis. <em>American Journal of Epidemiology, 108<\/em>(2), 100-102.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gelman, A., &amp; Hill, J. (2007). <em>Data analysis using regression and multilevel\/hierarchical models<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hill, J. (2013). Multilevel models and causal inference. In <em>The SAGE Handbook of Multilevel Modeling<\/em> (Chapter 12, pp. 201-219).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hong, G., &amp; Raudenbush, S. W. (2006). Evaluating kindergarten retention policy: A case study of causal inference for multilevel observational data. <em>Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101<\/em>(475), 901-910.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kim, J., &amp; Seltzer, M. (2007). <em>Causal inference in multilevel settings in which selection processes vary across schools<\/em> (Tech. Rep.). CRESST, UCLA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rubin, D. B. (1978). Bayesian inference for causal effects: The role of randomization. <em>The Annals of Statistics, 6<\/em>(1), 34-58.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rubin, D. B. (1990). Formal modes of statistical inference for causal effects. <em>Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 25<\/em>(3), 279-292.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Slavin, R. E., Madden, N. A., Dolan, L. J., &amp; Wasik, B. A. (1996). <em>Every child, every school: Success for all<\/em>. Corwin Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 &#8220;\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860(Multilevel Models and Causal Inference)&#8221;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc65c \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc778\uac00? \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \ud68c\uadc0\ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \uc11c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=768\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[399],"tags":[145,199,400,303,434],"class_list":["post-768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-multilevel","tag-jamovi","tag-r","tag-400","tag-303","tag-434"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chap12. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860(Multilevel Models and Causal Inference) - WaurimaL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=768\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ko_KR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chap12. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860(Multilevel Models and Causal Inference) - WaurimaL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 &#8220;\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uacfc \uc778\uacfc\ucd94\ub860(Multilevel Models and Causal Inference)&#8221;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc65c \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc778\uac00? \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \ud68c\uadc0\ubd84\uc11d\uc740 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud559\uc0dd\uc774 \uc11c\ub85c \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. 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