{"id":820,"date":"2026-01-25T15:03:21","date_gmt":"2026-01-25T06:03:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=820"},"modified":"2026-01-25T15:03:23","modified_gmt":"2026-01-25T06:03:23","slug":"chap12-generative-ai-for-standardised-assessments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=820","title":{"rendered":"Chap12. Generative AI for standardised assessments"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>[\ucd9c\ucc98]<\/strong> OECD. (2026). <em>Generative AI for standardised assessments: A conversation with Alina von Davier<\/em>. In <em>OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026-12<\/em>. OECD Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Chap12 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc2e4\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc628 AI\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GFVP0-V7Ir4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 \uad50\uc721\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc758 \ucd5c\uc804\uc120\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ud765\ubbf8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc8fc\uc81c\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c <strong>&#8220;\uc0dd\uc131\ud615 AI(Generative AI)\uac00 \uc2dc\ud5d8 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubc14\uafb8\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uac00&#8221;<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ucd5c\uadfc OECD\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\ud45c\ud55c \uc790\ub8cc \uc911, \ub4c0\uc624\ub9c1\uace0(Duolingo)\uc758 \uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc54c\ub9ac\ub098 \ud3f0 \ub2e4\ube44\uc5d0(Alina von Davier)\uc640\uc758 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc778\uc0c1\uc801\uc774\uc5b4\uc11c \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uaed8 \uc54c\uae30 \uc27d\uac8c \uc18c\uac1c\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\ub824\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud754\ud788 \uc544\ub294 \ud1a0\uc775\uc774\ub098 \ud1a0\ud50c \uac19\uc740 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc774 \uc55e\uc73c\ub85c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc9c4\ud654\ud560\uc9c0 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc5ff\ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uae30\ud68c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"572\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12-1024x572.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-821\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12-1024x572.png 1024w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12-300x167.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12-768x429.png 768w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12-1536x857.png 1536w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12-2048x1143.png 2048w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/chap12-624x348.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83e\udd16 AI\uac00 \uc601\uc5b4 \uc2dc\ud5d8 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub0b8\ub2e4\uace0? \ub4c0\uc624\ub9c1\uace0\uc758 \ud601\uc2e0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud754\ud788 &#8216;\uc2dc\ud5d8&#8217; \ud558\uba74 \ub5a0\uc62c\ub9ac\ub294 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\ub294 \ubb34\uc5c7\uc778\uac00\uc694? \uc885\uc774 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uc778\uc1c4\ub41c \ub611\uac19\uc740 \ubb38\uc81c, \ud639\uc740 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130 \ud654\uba74\uc5d0 \ub728\ub294 \uace0\uc815\ub41c \uc9c8\ubb38\ub4e4\uc774\uc8e0. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub4c0\uc624\ub9c1\uace0\ub294 <strong>\uc0dd\uc131\ud615 AI<\/strong>\ub97c \ud65c\uc6a9\ud574 \uc774 \ud310\ub3c4\ub97c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ubc14\uafb8\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \ub17c\ubb38(\uc778\ud130\ubdf0)\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\ub8ec \ud575\uc2ec \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \uc138 \uac00\uc9c0 \ud3ec\uc778\ud2b8\ub85c \uc815\ub9ac\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9b4\uac8c\uc694.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \uc778\uac04\uacfc \uae30\uacc4\uc758 \uc644\ubcbd\ud55c \ud611\uc5c5: &#8216;\ubb38\ud56d \uacf5\uc7a5(Item Factory)&#8217;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc2dc\ud5d8 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uac74 \uc5c4\uccad\ub09c \uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \ub178\ub825\uc774 \ub4dc\ub294 \uc77c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 AI\uac00 \uc774 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 10\ubc30\ub098 \ube60\ub974\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba74 \ubbff\uc73c\uc2dc\uaca0\uc5b4\uc694?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ub4c0\uc624\ub9c1\uace0\ub294 <strong>&#8216;\ubb38\ud56d \uacf5\uc7a5(Item Factory)&#8217;<\/strong>\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc744 \uc6b4\uc601\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc778\uac04 \uc804\ubb38\uac00<\/strong>\uac00 \uba3c\uc800 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \uc6d0\ud615(\ud504\ub85c\ud1a0\ud0c0\uc785)\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4ed\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AI<\/strong>\uac00 \uc774 \uc6d0\ud615\uc744 \ubc14\ud0d5\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ubcc0\ud615 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub300\ub7c9 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\uc2dc <strong>\uc778\uac04 \uc804\ubb38\uac00<\/strong>\uac00 \ud22c\uc785\ub418\uc5b4 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uacf5\uc815\ud55c\uc9c0, \uc624\ub958\ub294 \uc5c6\ub294\uc9c0 \uaf3c\uaf3c\ud558\uac8c \uac80\uc218\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc989, AI\uc5d0\uac8c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac78 \ub9e1\uae30\ub294 \uac8c \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, <strong>&#8220;\uae30\ucd08 \uc124\uacc4\ub294 \uc778\uac04\uc774, \ub300\ub7c9 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc740 AI\uac00, \ucd5c\uc885 \ud655\uc778\uc740 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc778\uac04\uc774&#8221;<\/strong> \ud558\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub355\ubd84\uc5d0 \ube44\uc6a9\uacfc \uc2dc\uac04\uc744 \ud68d\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc904\uc774\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \ud004\ub9ac\ud2f0\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub41c \uac70\uc8e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \uc9c4\uc9dc \ub300\ud654 \uac19\uc740 \uc2dc\ud5d8: &#8220;\uac70\uae30\uc11c \ub354 \uc790\uc138\ud788 \ub9d0\ud574\uc904\ub798?&#8221;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\uacfc\uac70\uc758 \uc601\uc5b4 \uc4f0\uae30(Writing) \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc740 &#8220;\uc8fc\uc81c X\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 10\ubd84\uac04 \uc4f0\uc2dc\uc624&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \ub358\uc838\uc8fc\uace0 \ub05d\uc774\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc0dd\uc131\ud615 AI\uac00 \ub3c4\uc785\ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc774 \ub9c8\uce58 <strong>\uacfc\uc678 \uc120\uc0dd\ub2d8<\/strong>\ucc98\ub7fc \ubc14\ub00c\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc4f0\uae30 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc758 \uc9c4\ud654:<\/strong> \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc774 \uae00\uc744 \uc4f0\uba74, AI\uac00 \uc2e4\uc2dc\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc744 \ubd84\uc11d\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 &#8220;\uc774 \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uc880 \ub354 \uc368\ubcfc\ub798?&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \uc81c\uc548\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub9c8\uce58 \ub300\ud559 \uad50\uc218\ub2d8\uc774 \ud53c\ub4dc\ubc31\uc744 \uc8fc\uba70 \uae00\uc744 \ubc1c\uc804\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub3c4\ub85d \ub3d5\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \ube44\uc2b7\ud558\uc8e0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ub9d0\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc758 \ud601\uba85:<\/strong> \uc774\uc81c \uc2dc\ud5d8 \uc751\uc2dc\uc790\ub294 AI \ubd07\uacfc <strong>\uc2e4\uc2dc\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\ud654<\/strong>\ub97c \uc8fc\uace0\ubc1b\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. AI\ub294 \uc751\uc2dc\uc790\uc758 \uc601\uc5b4 \uc2e4\ub825\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucdb0 \ub300\ud654 \ub09c\uc774\ub3c4\ub97c \uc870\uc808\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc601\uc5b4\ub97c \uc798 \ubabb\ud558\uba74 \uc26c\uc6b4 \ub9d0\ub85c, \uc798\ud558\uba74 \ub354 \uae4a\uc740 \ub300\ud654\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uac00\ub294 \uc2dd\uc774\uc8e0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uc804\uc5d0\ub294 \uc774\ub7f0 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc758 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc744 \uce58\ub974\ub824\uba74 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811 \ucc44\uc810\uad00\uc73c\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uc57c \ud588\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc608\uc57d\ub3c4 \ud798\ub4e4\uace0 \ube44\uc6a9\ub3c4 \ube44\uc30c\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc AI \ub355\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc5b8\uc81c \uc5b4\ub514\uc11c\ub098 \uc9c4\uc9dc \ub300\ud654 \uc2e4\ub825\uc744 \ud3c9\uac00\ubc1b\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. AI \ucc44\uc810, \ubbff\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uae4c? (\uacf5\uc815\uc131 \ubb38\uc81c)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;AI\uac00 \uae30\ubd84 \ub530\ub77c \uc810\uc218\ub97c \ub2e4\ub974\uac8c \uc8fc\uba74 \uc5b4\ub5a1\ud558\uc8e0?&#8221; \uc774\ub7f0 \uac71\uc815, \ub2f9\uc5f0\ud788 \ub4dc\uc2e4 \uac81\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc778\ud130\ubdf0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc774 \uc810\uc744 \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. <strong>\uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc2dc\ud5d8(\uc785\uc2dc, \ucde8\uc5c5 \ub4f1)\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 &#8216;\uc77c\uad00\uc131&#8217;\uc774 \uc0dd\uba85<\/strong>\uc774\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \ub4c0\uc624\ub9c1\uace0\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uad00\ub9ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc5ed\ud560 \ubd84\ub2f4:<\/strong> \ucc3d\uc758\uc801\uc778 \ub300\ud654\ub098 \ubb38\uc81c \uc0dd\uc131\uc740 &#8216;\uc0dd\uc131\ud615 AI&#8217;\uac00 \ub9e1\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc810\uc218\ub97c \ub9e4\uae30\ub294 \ucc44\uc810\uc740 \ub354 \uc5c4\uaca9\ud558\uace0 \uaddc\uce59\uc801\uc778 <strong>&#8216;\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uba38\uc2e0\ub7ec\ub2dd AI&#8217;\uc640 \uc2ec\ub9ac \ud1b5\uacc4 \ubaa8\ub378<\/strong>\uc744 \uc8fc\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud488\uc9c8 \ubaa8\ub2c8\ud130\ub9c1:<\/strong> &#8216;AQuAA&#8217;\ub77c\ub294 \uc790\ub3d9\ud654 \ub3c4\uad6c\uac00 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c, \uc2dc\ud5d8 \ubb38\uc81c\ub098 \uc810\uc218\uc5d0 \uc774\uc0c1\ud55c \ud328\ud134\uc774 \uac10\uc9c0\ub418\uba74 \uc989\uc2dc \uacbd\uace0\ub97c \ubcf4\ub0c5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ucca0\uc800\ud55c \uac80\uc99d:<\/strong> AI\uc5d0\uac8c &#8220;\uadf8\ub0e5 \ucc44\uc810\ud574 \uc918&#8221;\ub77c\uace0 \ub9c9\uc5f0\ud558\uac8c \uc2dc\ud0a4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \ucc44\uc810 \uae30\uc900(Rubric)\uc744 \uc8fc\uace0, \uc5ec\ub7ec \ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \ud544\ud130\ub97c \uac70\uccd0 \uacf5\uc815\uc131\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcdd \uc694\uc57d \ubc0f \ube14\ub85c\uac70\uc758 \ud55c\ub9c8\ub514<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uc790\ub8cc\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc740 <strong>&#8220;AI\uac00 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uc778\uac04\uc744 \ub300\uccb4\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc778\uac04\uc774 \ud558\uae30 \ud798\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub358 &#8216;\ub9de\ucda4\ud615 \uc0c1\ud638\uc791\uc6a9&#8217;\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud574\uc900\ub2e4&#8221;<\/strong>\ub294 \uc810\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc54c\ub9ac\ub098 \ud3f0 \ub2e4\ube44\uc5d0 \ubc15\uc0ac\ub294 AI\ub97c \uc4f8 \ub54c &#8220;\ud55c \ubc88\uc758 \uba85\ub839(\ud504\ub86c\ud504\ud2b8)\uc73c\ub85c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac78 \ud574\uacb0\ud558\ub824 \ud558\uc9c0 \ub9d0\uace0, \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \ucabc\uac1c\uc11c \uc815\uad50\ud558\uac8c \uc2dc\ucf1c\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \uc870\uc5b8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c \uace0\ud004\ub9ac\ud2f0 AI \ud65c\uc6a9\uc758 \ube44\uacb0\uc778 \uc148\uc774\uc8e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc55e\uc73c\ub85c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubcfc \uc2dc\ud5d8\ub4e4\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uc815\ub2f5\uc744 \ub9de\ud788\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4, AI\uc640 \uc18c\ud1b5\ud558\uba70 \ub0b4 \uc2e4\ub825\uc744 \ub2e4\uac01\ub3c4\ub85c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774 \ub420 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uad50\uc721\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc758 \ub9cc\ub0a8, \uc815\ub9d0 \uae30\ub300\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub098\uc694?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>#\ud0a4\uc6cc\ub4dc<\/strong> #\uc0dd\uc131\ud615AI #\ub4c0\uc624\ub9c1\uace0 #\uc601\uc5b4\uc2dc\ud5d8 #\uc5d0\ub4c0\ud14c\ud06c #AI\uad50\uc721 #\ubbf8\ub798\uad50\uc721 #OECD\ub9ac\ud3ec\ud2b8 #AlinaVonDavier #\ub514\uc9c0\ud138\uad50\uc721 #\uc790\ub3d9\ucc44\uc810<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[\ucd9c\ucc98] OECD. (2026). Generative AI for standardised assessments: A conversation with Alina von Davier. In OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026-12. OECD Publishing. \uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 \uad50\uc721\uacfc \uae30\uc220\uc758 \ucd5c\uc804\uc120\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ud765\ubbf8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc8fc\uc81c\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c &#8220;\uc0dd\uc131\ud615 AI(Generative AI)\uac00 \uc2dc\ud5d8 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubc14\uafb8\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uac00&#8221;\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uadfc OECD\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\ud45c\ud55c \uc790\ub8cc \uc911, \ub4c0\uc624\ub9c1\uace0(Duolingo)\uc758 \uc804\ubb38\uac00 \uc54c\ub9ac\ub098 \ud3f0 \ub2e4\ube44\uc5d0(Alina von Davier)\uc640\uc758 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0 <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=820\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[436],"tags":[440,498,497,495,442,83,438,445,496,225],"class_list":{"0":"post-820","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"hentry","6":"category--ai","7":"tag-ai","8":"tag-alinavondavier","9":"tag-oecd","10":"tag-495","11":"tag-442","12":"tag-83","14":"tag-445","15":"tag-496","16":"tag-225"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chap12. 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