{"id":869,"date":"2026-02-13T23:08:02","date_gmt":"2026-02-13T14:08:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=869"},"modified":"2026-02-14T00:15:36","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T15:15:36","slug":"chap18-%ed%8e%98%eb%84%90%ed%8b%b0-%ec%8a%a4%ed%94%8c%eb%9d%bc%ec%9d%b8penalized-splines%ea%b3%bc-%eb%8b%a4%ec%b8%b5%eb%aa%a8%ed%98%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=869","title":{"rendered":"Chap18. \ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778(Penalized Splines)\uacfc \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc624\ub298\uc740 <strong>\ud328\ub110 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778(Penalized Splines)\uacfc \ub2e4\uce35 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uacb0\ud569<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 <strong>jamovi<\/strong>\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 <strong>R<\/strong> \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc65c &#8216;\uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778&#8217;\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud55c\uac00\uc694?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_521a9ec3182f1af8-19\">\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud559\uad50\uc5d0\uc11c \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\uc744 \uad00\ucc30\ud558\ub2e4 \ubcf4\uba74, \ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \uc131\uc801\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uace7\uc740 \uc9c1\uc120(\uc120\ud615)\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc54c\uac8c \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc120\ud615 \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4<\/strong>: &#8220;\uacf5\ubd80 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ub298\uc5b4\ub0a0\uc218\ub85d \uc131\uc801\ub3c4 \uc77c\uc815\ud558\uac8c \uc624\ub978\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ube44\uc120\ud615\uc758 \ud604\uc2e4<\/strong>: \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc131\uc801\uc774 \ud655 \uc624\ub974\ub2e4\uac00, \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4 \uc218\uc900\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uba74 \uc815\uccb4\uae30(plateau)\uac00 \uc624\uace0, \ub108\ubb34 \uacfc\ub3c4\ud55c \ud559\uc2b5\uc740 \uc624\ud788\ub824 \ud6a8\uc728\uc744 \ub5a8\uc5b4\ub728\ub9ac\uae30\ub3c4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_521a9ec3182f1af8-21\">\uc774\ucc98\ub7fc \uad6c\ubd88\uad6c\ubd88\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uc218\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0bc \ub54c \uc720\uc6a9\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c <strong>\uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778(Splines)<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 &#8216;\uafc8\ud2c0\uac70\ub9bc(wiggliness)&#8217;\uc744 \uc801\uc808\ud788 \uc870\uc808\ud574\uc8fc\ub294 <strong>\ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778(Penalized Splines)<\/strong>\uc740 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624: &#8220;\ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc758 \uc790\uae30\uc8fc\ub3c4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uacfc \ud559\uc5c5 \uc131\ucde8\ub3c4&#8221;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \uc11c\uc6b8\uc2dc \uc18c\uc7ac 50\uac1c \ucd08\ub4f1\ud559\uad50\uc5d0\uc11c 5\ud559\ub144 \ud559\uc0dd 1,000\uba85\uc744 \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c 3\ub144\uac04 \ucd94\uc801 \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud574 \ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc5f0\uad6c \uc9c8\ubb38<\/strong>: &#8220;\uc790\uae30\uc8fc\ub3c4\ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04(Experience)\uc774 \ub298\uc5b4\ub0a8\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c \uad6d\uc5b4 \uc131\uc801(Score)\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubcc0\ud654\ud558\ub294\uac00? \ud559\uc0dd \uac1c\uc778\ubcc4\ub85c \uc131\uc801\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\uc120(Intercept)\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978\uac00?&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131 (R \ucf54\ub4dc)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc2e4\uc81c \ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uacfc \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud574 \ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \ud544\uc694\ud55c \ub77c\uc774\ube0c\ub7ec\ub9ac \ub85c\ub4dc\nlibrary(mgcv)\nlibrary(ggplot2)\n\nset.seed(2026)\nn_students &lt;- 200 # \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\nobs_per_student &lt;- 5 # \ud559\uc0dd\ub2f9 \uce21\uc815 \ud69f\uc218\ntotal_obs &lt;- n_students * obs_per_student\n\n# \ud559\uc0dd ID \ubc0f \ud559\uad50 \ubc30\uacbd \uc0dd\uc131\nstudent_id &lt;- rep(1:n_students, each = obs_per_student)\n# \ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04 (0~20\uc2dc\uac04)\nstudy_time &lt;- runif(total_obs, 0, 20)\n\n# \ub2e4\uce35 \ubaa8\ud615 \uc131\ubd84: \ud559\uc0dd\ubcc4 \ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc (\uae30\ucd08 \uc2e4\ub825 \ucc28\uc774)\nu_i &lt;- rnorm(n_students, 0, 5) \nstudent_effect &lt;- rep(u_i, each = obs_per_student)\n\n# \ube44\uc120\ud615 \ud568\uc218: m(x) - \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d4 \uc0c1\uc2b9\ud558\ub2e4\uac00 \uc644\ub9cc\ud574\uc9c0\ub294 \uace1\uc120\nm_x &lt;- 10 * sin(study_time \/ 5) + 2 * study_time\n\n# \uc131\uc801 \uc0dd\uc131 (\uc808\ud3b8 + \ube44\uc120\ud615 \uace1\uc120 + \ud559\uc0dd\ubcc4 \ucc28\uc774 + \uc624\ucc28)\nscore &lt;- 50 + m_x + student_effect + rnorm(total_obs, 0, 3)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784 \uad6c\ucd95\ndf &lt;- data.frame(student_id = factor(student_id), study_time, score)\n\n# CSV\ub85c \uc800\uc7a5 (jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uae30 \uc704\ud568)\nwrite.csv(df, \"chap18.csv\", row.names = FALSE)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4a9d058b-67d5-4ff2-9ae0-909cc176b11f\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/chap18.csv\">chap18<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/chap18.csv\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-4a9d058b-67d5-4ff2-9ae0-909cc176b11f\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \uc774\ub860\uc801 \ubc30\uacbd: \ub2e4\uce35 \ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_521a9ec3182f1af8-23\">\uc774 \ubaa8\ub378\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc740 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud754\ud788 \uc544\ub294 \ub2e4\uce35 \ubaa8\ud615(HLM)\uc758 \ud68c\uadc0 \uacc4\uc218 \uc790\ub9ac\uc5d0 &#8216;\ud568\uc218&#8217;\ub97c \uc9d1\uc5b4\ub123\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \ubaa8\ub378<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><math data-latex=\"y_{it} = \\beta_{0i} + m(x_{it}) + \\epsilon_{it}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>i<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{it} = \\beta_{0i} + m(x_{it}) + \\epsilon_{it}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><math data-latex=\"\\beta_{0i} = \\beta_{0} + u_{i}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>i<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_{0i} = \\beta_{0} + u_{i}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><math data-latex=\"y_{it}\"><semantics><msub><mi>y<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">y_{it}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: <math data-latex=\"i\"><semantics><mi>i<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ubc88\uc9f8 \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 <math data-latex=\"t\"><semantics><mi>t<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc2dc\uc810 \uc131\uc801.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"\\beta_{0i}\"><semantics><msub><mi>\u03b2<\/mi><mrow><mn>0<\/mn><mi>i<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\beta_{0i}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ud559\uc0dd <math data-latex=\"i\"><semantics><mi>i<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\uc758 \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc131\uc801 \uc218\uc900(\ub79c\ub364 \uc808\ud3b8).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"m(x_{it})\"><semantics><mrow><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><msub><mi>x<\/mi><mrow><mi>i<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">m(x_{it})<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uacf5\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uc131\uc801 \ubcc0\ud654 \uace1\uc120(\ube44\uc120\ud615 \ud568\uc218).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><math data-latex=\"u_{i} \\sim N(0, \\sigma_u^2)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><mo>\u223c<\/mo><mi>N<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mn>0<\/mn><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><msubsup><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mi>u<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/msubsup><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_{i} \\sim N(0, \\sigma_u^2)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>: \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4 \uac04\uc758 \ud3b8\ucc28.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_521a9ec3182f1af8-28\">\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c <math data-latex=\"m(x)\"><semantics><mrow><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>x<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">m(x)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\ub294 <strong>\uae30\uc800 \ud568\uc218(basis functions)<\/strong>\ub4e4\uc758 \ud569\uc73c\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub9c8\uce58 \ub808\uace0 \ube14\ub85d\uc744 \uc870\ud569\ud574 \uace1\uc120\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4dc\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uac19\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub54c \ub108\ubb34 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uace1\uc120\uc774 \ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub3c4\ub85d <strong>\ud398\ub110\ud2f0(<\/strong><math data-latex=\"\\lambda\"><semantics><mi>\u03bb<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\lambda<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><strong>)<\/strong>\ub97c \uc8fc\uc5b4 \ubd80\ub4dc\ub7fd\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4ed\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. jamovi \ubc0f R\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c \ubd84\uc11d \uc2e4\uc2b5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) jamovi \ud65c\uc6a9\ubc95<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&#8216;Rj&#8217; \ubaa8\ub4c8 \uc0ac\uc6a9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ubaa8\ub4c8 \uc124\uce58<\/strong>: jamovi \ub77c\uc774\ube0c\ub7ec\ub9ac\uc5d0\uc11c <strong>Rj &#8211; Editor to run R code inside jamovi<\/strong>\ub97c \uc124\uce58\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rj Editor \uc2e4\ud589<\/strong>: \ubd84\uc11d \uba54\ub274\uc5d0\uc11c Rj \uc544\uc774\ucf58\uc744 \ud074\ub9ad\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ucf54\ub4dc \uc785\ub825<\/strong>: \uc544\ub798 \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ubcf5\uc0ac\ud574\uc11c \ubd99\uc5ec\ub123\uace0 \uc2e4\ud589(\uc0bc\uac01\ud615 \ubc84\ud2bc)\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># jamovi\uc758 \ud604\uc7ac \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c 'data'\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\ub984\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uc838\uc635\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n# 'score'\ub294 \uc131\uc801, 'study_time'\uc740 \ud559\uc2b5\uc2dc\uac04, 'student_id'\ub294 \ud559\uc0dd\ubc88\ud638\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\nlibrary(mgcv)\n\n# \ub2e4\uce35 GAM \ubaa8\ub378 (\ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778 + \ub79c\ub364 \uc808\ud3b8)\n# s(study_time)\uc774 \ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\nmodel &lt;- gam(score ~ s(study_time) + s(student_id, bs=\"re\"), \n             data = data, \n             method = \"REML\")\n\n# \uacb0\uacfc \ucd9c\ub825\nsummary(model)\n\n# \uadf8\ub798\ud504 \uadf8\ub9ac\uae30\nplot(model, pages=1, shade=TRUE, main=\"\ud559\uc2b5 \uc2dc\uac04\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc131\uc801 \ubcc0\ud654 \uace1\uc120\")<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"725\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG18-1024x725.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-873\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG18-1024x725.png 1024w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG18-300x213.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG18-768x544.png 768w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG18-1536x1088.png 1536w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG18-624x442.png 624w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG18.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) R (gamm4) \ud65c\uc6a9\ubc95<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_521a9ec3182f1af8-30\">\ubcf8\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd94\ucc9c\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 <code>gamm4<\/code> \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \ud63c\ud569 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uc548\uc815\uc131\uacfc \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778\uc758 \uc720\uc5f0\uc131\uc744 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ud655\ubcf4\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># GAMM \ubaa8\ub378 \uc801\ud569\nlibrary(gamm4)\nmodel &lt;- gamm4(score ~ s(study_time), random = ~(1|student_id), data = df)\n\n# \uacb0\uacfc \ud655\uc778\nsummary(model$gam) # \ube44\uc120\ud615 \ubd80\ubd84 \ud655\uc778\nsummary(model$mer) # \ub2e4\uce35 \ubaa8\ud615(\ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc) \ubd80\ubd84 \ud655\uc778\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \uacb0\uacfc \ud574\uc11d \ubc0f \uc2dc\uac01\ud654<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \uacb0\uacfc, \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ubd84\uc0b0 \uc131\ubd84<\/strong>: \ud559\uc0dd \uac04 \ud3b8\ucc28(<math data-latex=\"\\hat{\\sigma}_u\"><semantics><msub><mover><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">^<\/mo><\/mover><mi>u<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\hat{\\sigma}_u<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uac00 \uc794\ucc28(<math data-latex=\"\\hat{\\sigma}_\\epsilon\"><semantics><msub><mover><mi>\u03c3<\/mi><mo stretchy=\"false\" class=\"tml-xshift\" style=\"math-style:normal;math-depth:0;\">^<\/mo><\/mover><mi>\u03f5<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\hat{\\sigma}_\\epsilon<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud06c\ub2e4\uba74, \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 \uac1c\uc778\uc801 \ubc30\uacbd\uc774 \uc131\uc801\uc5d0 \ud070 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uace1\uc120\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc<\/strong>: \ud559\uc2b5 \ucd08\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \uc131\uc801\uc774 \uae09\uaca9\ud788 \uc0c1\uc2b9\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud2b9\uc815 \uc2dc\uac04(\uc608: 15\uc2dc\uac04) \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0c1\uc2b9 \ud3ed\uc774 \uc904\uc5b4\ub4dc\ub294 &#8216;\uc218\ud655 \uccb4\uac10&#8217;\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \ubcf4\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ub2e4\uce35 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uc7a5\uc810<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_521a9ec3182f1af8-33\">\ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uace1\uc120 \ud68c\uadc0\uc640 \ub2ec\ub9ac, \uc774 \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 <strong>\ubc18\ubcf5 \uce21\uc815\ub41c \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uc0c1\uad00\uad00\uacc4<\/strong>\ub97c \uace0\ub824\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc989, &#8216;\ucca0\uc218&#8217;\uac00 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc798 \ubd24\ub2e4\uba74 \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc2dc\ud5d8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc798 \ubcfc \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc774 \ub192\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774 \uc778\uc9c0\ud558\uace0 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c \ud6e8\uc52c \uc815\ud655\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \uacb0\ub860 \ubc0f \uad50\uc721\uc801 \uc2dc\uc0ac\uc810<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_521a9ec3182f1af8-34\">\ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778 \ub2e4\uce35 \ubaa8\ud615\uc740 \ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uac1c\ubcc4\ud654\ub41c \uad50\uc721 \uacfc\uc815<\/strong>: \ud559\uc0dd \uac1c\uac1c\uc778\uc758 \uae30\ucd08\uc120\uc774 \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc778\uc815\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4(<math data-latex=\"u_i\"><semantics><msub><mi>u<\/mi><mi>i<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">u_i<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>), \ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801\uc778 \uc131\uc7a5\uc758 \ud328\ud134(<math data-latex=\"m(x)\"><semantics><mrow><mi>m<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>x<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">m(x)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)\uc744 \ucc3e\uc544\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc801\uc815 \uc9c0\uc810\uc758 \ubc1c\uacac<\/strong>: \uc131\uc801\uc774 \uc815\uccb4\ub418\ub294 \uc2dc\uc810\uc744 \uc2dc\uac01\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud655\uc778\ud558\uc5ec \uad50\uc721\uc801 \uac1c\uc785\uc758 \uc2dc\uae30\ub97c \uacb0\uc815\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc (APA Style)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Becker, G. S. (1993). <em>Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education<\/em> (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eilers, P. H. C., &amp; Marx, B. D. (1996). Flexible smoothing with B-splines and penalties. <em>Statistical Science, 11<\/em>(2), 89\u2013121. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kauermann, G., &amp; Kuhlenkasper, T. (2011). Penalized splines and multilevel models. In J. J. Hox &amp; J. K. Roberts (Eds.), <em>The SAGE Handbook of Multilevel Modeling<\/em> (pp. 325\u2013333). SAGE Publications. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ruppert, D., Wand, M. P., &amp; Carroll, R. J. (2009). Semiparametric regression during 2003\u20132007. <em>Electronic Journal of Statistics, 3<\/em>, 1193\u20131256. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wood, S. N. (2006). <em>Generalized additive models: An introduction with R<\/em>. Chapman &amp; Hall\/CRC. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 \ud328\ub110 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \ud398\ub110\ud2f0 \uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778(Penalized Splines)\uacfc \ub2e4\uce35 \ubaa8\ud615\uc758 \uacb0\ud569\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \ub418\ub294 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. 1. \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uba70: \uc65c &#8216;\uc2a4\ud50c\ub77c\uc778&#8217;\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud55c\uac00\uc694? \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ud559\uad50\uc5d0\uc11c <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=869\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[399],"tags":[145,199,400,512],"class_list":["post-869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-multilevel","tag-jamovi","tag-r","tag-400","tag-512"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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