{"id":890,"date":"2026-02-16T20:51:55","date_gmt":"2026-02-16T11:51:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=890"},"modified":"2026-02-16T20:51:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T11:51:56","slug":"chap22-%eb%8b%a4%ec%b8%b5%eb%aa%a8%ed%98%95%ec%97%90%ec%84%9c%ec%9d%98-%ea%b0%95%ea%b1%b4%ed%95%9c-%eb%b6%84%ec%84%9d-%eb%b0%a9%eb%b2%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=890","title":{"rendered":"Chap22. \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uac15\uac74\ud55c \ubd84\uc11d \ubc29\ubc95"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc624\ub298\uc740 <strong>\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Modeling)\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc815 \uc704\ubc30\uc5d0 \ub300\ucc98\ud558\ub294 \u2018\uac15\uac74\ud55c(Robust) \ubd84\uc11d \ubc29\ubc95\u2019<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 <strong>jamovi<\/strong>\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, \uace0\uae09 \uac15\uac74\uc131 \ubd84\uc11d(Robust SE, Bootstrapping, Bayesian) \ub4f1 jamovi \uae30\ubcf8 \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 <strong>R<\/strong> \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \uc11c\ub860: \uc65c &#8216;\uac15\uac74\ud55c(Robust)&#8217; \ubc29\ubc95\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud55c\uac00\uc694?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uad50\uc721 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub294 \uad50\uacfc\uc11c\ucc98\ub7fc \uae54\ub054\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ubc18\uc5d0\ub294 \uc720\ub3c5 \ucc45\uc744 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc77d\ub294 &#8216;\ub3c5\uc11c \uc601\uc7ac(\uc774\uc0c1\uce58, Outlier)&#8217;\uac00 \uc788\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uace0, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud559\uad50\ub294 \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\uac00 \ub108\ubb34 \uc801\uc744 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-107\">\ud1b5\uacc4 \ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \ud560 \ub54c \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 \ud754\ud788 <strong>&#8220;\ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ub530\ub97c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4(Normality)&#8221;, &#8220;\ubd84\uc0b0\uc774 \uc77c\uc815\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4(Homoscedasticity)&#8221;<\/strong>\ub77c\ub294 \uac00\uc815\uc744 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \ud604\uc2e4 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc774 \uc57d\uc18d\uc744 \uc5b4\uae34\ub2e4\uba74 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub420\uae4c\uc694? \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ub0b4\ub9b0 \uacb0\ub860(\ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \uc720\uc758\uc131)\uc774 \ud2c0\ub9b4 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\ub54c \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \ubc14\ub85c <strong>\uac15\uac74\ud55c(Robust) \ubc29\ubc95<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-108\"><strong>\uac15\uac74\uc131(Robustness)\uc774\ub780?<\/strong> \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uae30\ubcf8 \uac00\uc815(\uc815\uaddc\uc131 \ub4f1)\uc744 \ub2e4\uc18c \uc704\ubc30\ud558\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4, \ud1b5\uacc4\uc801 \ucd94\uc815 \uacb0\uacfc\ub098 \uc2e0\ub8b0\uad6c\uac04\uc774 \ud06c\uac8c \ud754\ub4e4\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ubbff\uc744 \ub9cc\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \ub0b4\ub193\ub294 \uc131\uc9c8\uc744 \ub9d0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774\uc81c \uac00\uc0c1\uc758 &#8216;\ud574\ubc14\ub77c\uae30 \ucd08\ub4f1\ud559\uad50&#8217; \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc774 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud574 \ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131: \ud574\ubc14\ub77c\uae30 \ucd08\ub4f1\ud559\uad50 \uc774\uc57c\uae30<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\ub294 <strong>&#8220;\uad50\uc0ac\uc758 \uc815\uc11c\uc801 \uc9c0\uc9c0(Teacher Support)\uac00 \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 \ud559\uc5c5 \uc2a4\ud2b8\ub808\uc2a4(Stress)\ub97c \ub0ae\ucd94\ub294\uac00?&#8221;<\/strong>\ub97c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1\uc218\uc900(\ud559\uc0dd):<\/strong> \ud559\uc5c5 \uc2a4\ud2b8\ub808\uc2a4(\uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218 <math data-latex=\"Y\"><semantics><mi>Y<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">Y<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>), \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 \ubd88\uc548 \uc131\ud5a5(\uacf5\ubcc0\ub7c9 <math data-latex=\"X\"><semantics><mi>X<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">X<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2\uc218\uc900(\ud559\uae09):<\/strong> \uad50\uc0ac\uc758 \uc815\uc11c\uc801 \uc9c0\uc9c0(<math data-latex=\"W\"><semantics><mi>W<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">W<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc2dc\ub098\ub9ac\uc624:<\/strong> \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ud559\uc0dd\uc740 \ud3c9\ubc94\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uba87\uba87 \ud559\uc0dd\uc740 \ubd88\uc548 \uc131\ud5a5\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub192\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4(\ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \ud55c\ucabd\uc73c\ub85c \ucc0c\uadf8\ub7ec\uc9d0, Skewed). \ub610\ud55c, \uba87\uba87 \ubc18\uc740 \ud559\uc0dd \uc218\uac00 \uc801\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\uba3c\uc800 R\uc744 \uc774\uc6a9\ud574 \uc774 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud55c \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc0dd\uc131\ud574\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># R Code: \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\nset.seed(2026)\n\n# 50\uac1c \ud559\uae09(Class), \ud559\uae09\ub2f9 \ud559\uc0dd \uc218 5~25\uba85(\ubd88\uade0\ud615)\nn_classes &lt;- 50\nclass_id &lt;- rep(1:n_classes, times = sample(5:25, n_classes, replace = TRUE))\nn_students &lt;- length(class_id)\n\n# 2\uc218\uc900 \ubcc0\uc218: \uad50\uc0ac\uc758 \uc815\uc11c\uc801 \uc9c0\uc9c0 (\ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc \ud3ec\ud568)\nclass_intercept &lt;- rnorm(n_classes, mean = 50, sd = 10)\nteacher_support &lt;- rnorm(n_classes, mean = 5, sd = 2)\nclass_effect &lt;- class_intercept&#91;class_id]\nsupport_level &lt;- teacher_support&#91;class_id]\n\n# 1\uc218\uc900 \ubcc0\uc218: \ud559\uc0dd\uc758 \ubd88\uc548 \uc131\ud5a5 (\uce58\uc6b0\uce5c \ubd84\ud3ec \uc0dd\uc131 - Gamma \ubd84\ud3ec \ud65c\uc6a9)\nstudent_anxiety &lt;- rgamma(n_students, shape = 2, scale = 2) \n\n# \uc774\uc0c1\uce58(Outlier) \ucd94\uac00: \uba87\uba87 \ud559\uc0dd\uc740 \uadf9\ub3c4\ub85c \ub192\uc740 \ubd88\uc548\uc744 \uac00\uc9d0\nstudent_anxiety&#91;sample(1:n_students, 5)] &lt;- 30 \n\n# \uc885\uc18d\ubcc0\uc218 \uc0dd\uc131 (Stress)\n# \ubaa8\ub378: Stress = 50 - 2*Support + 1.5*Anxiety + Random_Error\nerror &lt;- rnorm(n_students, mean = 0, sd = 5)\nstress &lt;- 50 - 2 * support_level + 1.5 * student_anxiety + class_effect + error\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud504\ub808\uc784 \uc0dd\uc131\ndata &lt;- data.frame(\n  ClassID = as.factor(class_id),\n  Stress = stress,\n  TeacherSupport = support_level,\n  Anxiety = student_anxiety\n)\n\n# \ub370\uc774\ud130 \ud655\uc778\nhead(data)\n\n# CSV\ub85c \uc800\uc7a5 (jamovi\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd88\ub7ec\uc624\uae30 \uc704\ud568)\nwrite.csv(data, \"chap22.csv\", row.names = FALSE)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-0c5d4cae-7386-48ed-97dd-4569c08cbb94\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/chap22.csv\">chap22<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/chap22.csv\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-0c5d4cae-7386-48ed-97dd-4569c08cbb94\">\ub2e4\uc6b4\ub85c\ub4dc<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \uc9c4\ub2e8(Diagnosis): \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uac74\uac15\uac80\uc9c4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-109\">\ubd84\uc11d \uc804\uc5d0 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uac00\uc815\uc744 \uc798 \uc9c0\ud0a4\ub294\uc9c0 \ud655\uc778\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucc45\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 <strong>\uc774\uc0c1\uce58(Outliers)<\/strong>\uc640 <strong>\ub2e4\uc911\uacf5\uc120\uc131(Multicollinearity)<\/strong> \ud655\uc778\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1. \uc774\uc0c1\uce58 \ubc0f \ubd84\ud3ec \ud655\uc778 (Jamovi &amp; R)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-110\">\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc804\uccb4 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c <strong>\uc218\uc900\ubcc4(Level-wise)<\/strong>\ub85c \uc794\ucc28(Residual)\ub97c \ud655\uc778\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc SPSS\ub098 \uc77c\ubc18 \uc18c\ud504\ud2b8\uc6e8\uc5b4\ub294 \uc774\ub97c \uc798 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Jamovi:<\/strong> [Exploration] -> [Descriptives]\uc5d0\uc11c &#8216;Box plot&#8217;\uacfc &#8216;Q-Q plot&#8217;\uc744 \uccb4\ud06c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R \uc2dc\uac01\ud654:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \uc0c1\uc790\uc218\uc5fc\uadf8\ub9bc(Boxplot)\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc0c1\uce58 \ud655\uc778\nboxplot(data$Stress, main=\"\ud559\uc5c5 \uc2a4\ud2b8\ub808\uc2a4 \ubd84\ud3ec(\uc774\uc0c1\uce58 \ud655\uc778)\")\n# Q-Q plot\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uaddc\uc131 \ud655\uc778\nqqnorm(data$Stress); qqline(data$Stress, col = \"red\")\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-892\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-1.png 700w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-1-300x300.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-1-150x150.png 150w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-1-624x624.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"712\" height=\"700\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-893\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-2.png 712w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-2-300x295.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-2-624x613.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[\ud574\uc124]<\/strong> \ub9cc\uc57d \uc0c1\uc790\uc218\uc5fc\uadf8\ub9bc(Boxplot) \uc704\ucabd\uc5d0 \ub3d9\uadf8\ub77c\ubbf8(Outlier)\uac00 \ucc0d\ud600 \uc788\uac70\ub098, Q-Q plot\uc5d0\uc11c \uc810\ub4e4\uc774 \ubd89\uc740 \uc120\uc744 \ubc97\uc5b4\ub09c\ub2e4\uba74 \uc815\uaddc\uc131 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uc704\ubc30\ub41c \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\ub294 \uc77c\ubd80\ub7ec \uc774\uc0c1\uce58\ub97c \ub123\uc5c8\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \uc704\ubc30\ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc774 \ud07d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \ud574\uacb0\ucc45 A: \uac15\uac74\ud55c \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28 (Robust Standard Errors)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-111\">\ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc815\uaddc\uc131\uc744 \uc704\ubc30\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ub4f1\ubd84\uc0b0\uc131\uc744 \ub9cc\uc871\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud560 \ub54c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \ubb34\uae30\ub294 <strong>&#8216;\uac15\uac74\ud55c \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28(Robust SE)&#8217;<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc0cc\ub4dc\uc704\uce58 \ucd94\uc815\ub7c9(Sandwich Estimator)\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ubd80\ub985\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1. \uac1c\ub150 \uc124\uba85<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-112\">\uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \ucd5c\ub300\uc6b0\ub3c4\ubc95(ML)\uc740 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uac00\uc815\uc774 \ud2c0\ub9ac\uba74 \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28\uac00 \ub108\ubb34 \uc791\uac8c \uacc4\uc0b0\ub418\uc5b4, \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \ud6a8\uacfc\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294\ub370\ub3c4 &#8220;\uc720\uc758\ud558\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \uc798\ubabb \uacb0\ub860 \ub0b4\ub9b4 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>. Robust SE\ub294 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc758 \uc794\ucc28(Residual)\ub97c \uc9c1\uc811 \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28\ub97c \ubcf4\uc815\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uae68\uc838\ub3c4 \uc62c\ubc14\ub978 \uac80\uc815 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uc5bb\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-113\"><strong>\uc8fc\uc758\uc810:<\/strong> Robust SE\uac00 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub824\uba74 2\uc218\uc900(\ud559\uae09)\uc758 \ud45c\ubcf8 \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \ucda9\ubd84\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4(\ucd5c\uc18c 50~100\uac1c \uadf8\ub8f9 \uad8c\uc7a5)<sup><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2. \ubd84\uc11d \ubc29\ubc95 (R)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Jamovi\uc758 \uae30\ubcf8 Mixed Model \ubaa8\ub4c8\uc740 \uc544\uc9c1 Robust SE\ub97c \uc9c1\uc811 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c R\uc758 <code>lme4<\/code>\uc640 <code>clubSandwich<\/code> \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0 \ub85c\ub4dc\nlibrary(lme4)\nlibrary(clubSandwich)\n\n# 1. \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615 \uc801\ud569 (Random Intercept Model)\nmodel_lmer &lt;- lmer(Stress ~ TeacherSupport + Anxiety + (1|ClassID), data = data)\n\n# 2. \uacb0\uacfc \ud655\uc778 (\uc77c\ubc18 SE)\nsummary(model_lmer)\n\n# 3. \uac15\uac74\ud55c \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28(Robust SE) \uad6c\ud558\uae30 (CR2 \ubc29\uc2dd \uad8c\uc7a5)\nrobust_results &lt;- coef_test(model_lmer, vcov = \"CR2\")\nprint(robust_results)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-114\"><strong>[\uacb0\uacfc \ud574\uc11d]<\/strong> \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 <code>summary<\/code> \uacb0\uacfc\uc640 <code>coef_test<\/code> \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \ube44\uad50\ud574 \ubcf4\uc138\uc694. \ub9cc\uc57d \uc815\uaddc\uc131 \uc704\ubc30\uac00 \uc2ec\uac01\ud558\ub2e4\uba74, Robust SE\ub97c \uc801\uc6a9\ud588\uc744 \ub54c \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28(SE)\uac00 \ucee4\uc9c0\uace0 p-value\uac00 \ubcc0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ub354 \ubcf4\uc218\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc548\uc804\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \ud574\uacb0\ucc45 B: \ubd80\ud2b8\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub798\ud551 (Bootstrapping)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-115\">\ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130\uc758 \ud798\uc744 \ube4c\ub9ac\ub294 <strong>\ubd80\ud2b8\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub798\ud551<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub860\uc801\uc778 \ubd84\ud3ec(\uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec)\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0, \ub0b4 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \uc218\ucc9c \ubc88 \uc7ac\ud45c\uc9d1(Resampling)\ud558\uc5ec \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \uc9c1\uc811 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1. \uac1c\ub150 \uc124\uba85<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \ubaa8\uc9d1\ub2e8 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\ub77c\uace0 \uac00\uc815\ud558\uace0, \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \ubcf5\uc6d0\ucd94\ucd9c\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc218\ucc9c \uac1c\uc758 \uac00\uc0c1 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4ed\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc8fc\uc758\uc810:<\/strong> \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ucf00\uc774\uc2a4\ub97c \ubf51\uc73c\uba74 \uc548 \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud559\uae09 \uad6c\uc870\uac00 \uae68\uc9c0\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. <strong>\uc794\ucc28 \ubd80\ud2b8\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub798\ud551(Residual Bootstrapping)<\/strong>\uc774 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc120\ud638\ub418\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2. \ubd84\uc11d \ubc29\ubc95 (R)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc774 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uacc4\uc0b0\ub7c9\uc774 \ub9ce\uc544 R\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. <code>lme4<\/code> \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0\uc758 <code>bootMer<\/code> \ud568\uc218\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code># \ubd80\ud2b8\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub7a9 \ud568\uc218 \uc815\uc758 (\uace0\uc815 \ud6a8\uacfc \ucd94\ucd9c)\nmySumm &lt;- function(.) {\n  fixef(.)\n}\n\n# \ubd80\ud2b8\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub798\ud551 \uc2e4\ud589 (nsim = 1000\ubc88 \ubc18\ubcf5)\n# use.u = TRUE\ub294 \ub79c\ub364 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub3c4 \uace0\ub824\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub73b\nboot_results &lt;- bootMer(model_lmer, mySumm, nsim = 1000, use.u = TRUE, type = \"parametric\")\n\n# 95% \uc2e0\ub8b0\uad6c\uac04 \uacc4\uc0b0\nboot_CI &lt;- boot.ci(boot_results, type = \"perc\", index = 1) # Intercept\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc608\uc2dc\nprint(boot_results)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-117\"><strong>[\uc7a5\uc810]<\/strong> \ubd80\ud2b8\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub798\ud551\uc740 \ud2b9\ud788 <strong>\ub9e4\uac1c\ud6a8\uacfc \ubd84\uc11d<\/strong>\uc774\ub098 <strong>\ubd84\uc0b0 \uc131\ubd84\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2e0\ub8b0\uad6c\uac04<\/strong>\uc744 \uad6c\ud560 \ub54c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uac15\ub825\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4<sup><\/sup>. \uc815\uaddc\uc131 \uac00\uc815\uc774 \ud06c\uac8c \uc704\ubc30\ub418\uc5b4\ub3c4 \ubbff\uc744 \ub9cc\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c \uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \ud574\uacb0\ucc45 C: \ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ucd94\uc815 (Bayesian Estimation)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-118\">\uc138 \ubc88\uc9f8, \uac00\uc7a5 \uac15\ub825\ud558\uace0 \uc720\uc5f0\ud55c \ubc29\ubc95\uc778 <strong>\ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ucd94\uc815<\/strong>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 <strong>\ud45c\ubcf8 \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \uc791\uc744 \ub54c(\ud559\uae09 \uc218\uac00 \uc801\uc744 \ub54c)<\/strong> \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc720\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1. \uac1c\ub150 \uc124\uba85<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \ud1b5\uacc4(\ube48\ub3c4\uc8fc\uc758)\ub294 \ubaa8\uc218\uac00 \uace0\uc815\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubcf4\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548\uc740 \ubaa8\uc218\ub3c4 \ud655\ub960\ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4\ub2e4\uace0 \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc0ac\uc804 \uc815\ubcf4(Prior):<\/strong> \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\uac00 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc54c\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc815\ubcf4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc6b0\ub3c4(Likelihood):<\/strong> \ub370\uc774\ud130\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5bb\uc740 \uc815\ubcf4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uc0ac\ud6c4 \ubd84\ud3ec(Posterior):<\/strong> \uc774 \ub458\uc744 \ud569\uccd0 \uc5c5\ub370\uc774\ud2b8\ub41c \uacb0\ub860.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-119\">\uac15\uac74\uc131\uc744 \uc704\ud574 \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec \ub300\uc2e0 \uaf2c\ub9ac\uac00 \uae34 <strong>t-\ubd84\ud3ec(t-distribution)<\/strong>\ub97c \uac00\uc815\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\uc0c1\uce58\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uc904\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2. \ubd84\uc11d \ubc29\ubc95 (R &#8211; brms \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><code>brms<\/code> \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0\ub294 \ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615\uc744 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc27d\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>library(brms)\n\n# \ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615 \uc801\ud569\n# student: \uc815\uaddc\ubd84\ud3ec \ub300\uc2e0 t-\ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\uc0c1\uce58\uc5d0 \uac15\uac74\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e6\nmodel_bayes &lt;- brm(\n  Stress ~ TeacherSupport + Anxiety + (1|ClassID), \n  data = data,\n  family = student(),  # \ud575\uc2ec: \uac15\uac74\uc131\uc744 \uc704\ud574 student t \ubd84\ud3ec \uc0ac\uc6a9\n  chains = 2, iter = 2000\n)\n\n# \uacb0\uacfc \ud655\uc778\nsummary(model_bayes)\nplot(model_bayes) # \uc218\ub834 \ud655\uc778 (Trace plot)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"869\" height=\"468\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-894\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-3.png 869w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-3-300x162.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-3-768x414.png 768w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-3-624x336.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 869px) 100vw, 869px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"869\" height=\"468\" src=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-895\" srcset=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-4.png 869w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-4-300x162.png 300w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-4-768x414.png 768w, http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FIG22-4-624x336.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 869px) 100vw, 869px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"p-rc_6b5d9625d3f3939a-120\"><strong>[\ud574\uc124]<\/strong> \ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ubd84\uc11d\uc740 p-value \ub300\uc2e0 <strong>\uc2e0\ub8b0\uad6c\uac04(Credible Interval)<\/strong>\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. 95% \uad6c\uac04 \uc548\uc5d0 0\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba74 &#8220;\ud6a8\uacfc\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4&#8221;\uace0 \ubd05\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 <code>family = student()<\/code> \uc635\uc158\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uba74 \uc774\uc0c1\uce58\uac00 \uc788\uc5b4\ub3c4 \ud68c\uadc0\uacc4\uc218\uac00 \ud06c\uac8c \ud718\ub458\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \uacb0\ub860 \ubc0f \uc694\uc57d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5 \ub370\uc774\ud130\ucc98\ub7fc \uac00\uc815\uc774 \uc704\ubc30\ub418\uae30 \uc26c\uc6b4 \uc790\ub8cc\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8f0 \ub54c, \ub9f9\ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc778 \ub2e4\uce35\ubd84\uc11d\uc744 \ub3cc\ub9ac\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc704\ud5d8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\uc9c4\ub2e8\ud558\ub77c:<\/strong> Jamovi\ub098 R\uc758 \ud50c\ub86f\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc774\uc0c1\uce58\uc640 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \ud655\uc778\ud558\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\uac15\uac74\ud55c \ud45c\uc900\uc624\ucc28(Robust SE):<\/strong> \uc774\uc0c1\uce58\uac00 \uc788\uac70\ub098 \uc774\ubd84\uc0b0\uc131\uc774 \uc758\uc2ec\ub420 \ub54c, \ud559\uae09 \uc218\uac00 50\uac1c \uc774\uc0c1\uc774\ub77c\uba74 \uac00\uc7a5 \uac04\ud3b8\ud55c \ub300\uc548\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubd80\ud2b8\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub798\ud551:<\/strong> \ubd84\uc0b0 \ucd94\uc815\uce58\uac00 \uc911\uc694\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ubd84\ud3ec \uac00\uc815\uc744 \ud53c\ud558\uace0 \uc2f6\uc744 \ub54c \uc720\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ubca0\uc774\uc9c0\uc548 \ucd94\uc815:<\/strong> <strong>\ud559\uae09 \uc218\uac00 \uc801\uac70\ub098(20~50\uac1c \ubbf8\ub9cc)<\/strong>, \ubaa8\ud615\uc774 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uac70\ub098, \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801\uc778 \uc774\uc0c1\uce58\uac00 \ub9ce\uc744 \ub54c \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\uc120\uc0dd\ub2d8, \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\uac00 \uc870\uae08 \uac70\uce60\ub354\ub77c\ub3c4 \uac71\uc815\ud558\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc138\uc694. \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \uc774\ucc98\ub7fc \ub4e0\ub4e0\ud55c &#8216;\uac15\uac74\ud55c \ub3c4\uad6c&#8217;\ub4e4\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc (APA Style)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Eliason, S. R. (1993). <em>Maximum likelihood estimation<\/em>. Sage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hox, J. J., &amp; van de Schoot, R. (2013). Robust methods for multilevel analysis. In <em>The SAGE Handbook of Multilevel Modeling<\/em> (pp. 387-402). SAGE Publications Ltd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maas, C. J. M., &amp; Hox, J. J. (2004). Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis. <em>Statistica Neerlandica, 58<\/em>(2), 127-137.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maas, C. J. M., &amp; Hox, J. J. (2005). Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling. <em>Methodology, 1<\/em>(3), 85-91.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tabachnick, B. G., &amp; Fidell, L. S. (2007). <em>Using multivariate statistics<\/em> (5th ed.). Allyn &amp; Bacon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Van der Leeden, R., Meijer, E., &amp; Busing, F. M. T. A. (2008). Resampling multilevel models. In J. de Leeuw &amp; E. Meijer (Eds.), <em>Handbook of multilevel analysis<\/em> (pp. 401-433). Springer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc624\ub298\uc740 \ub2e4\uce35\ubaa8\ud615(Multilevel Modeling)\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc815 \uc704\ubc30\uc5d0 \ub300\ucc98\ud558\ub294 \u2018\uac15\uac74\ud55c(Robust) \ubd84\uc11d \ubc29\ubc95\u2019\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \u201c\ud559\uad50 \ud604\uc7a5\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130\u201d\ub97c \uc608\uc2dc\ub85c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc9c1\uad00\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\uacfc \uc218\ub9ac\uc801 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud568\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uac16\ucd98 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud574 \ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubd84\uc11d \ub3c4\uad6c\ub85c\ub294 jamovi\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ubc95\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud558\ub418, \uace0\uae09 \uac15\uac74\uc131 \ubd84\uc11d(Robust SE, Bootstrapping, Bayesian) \ub4f1 jamovi \uae30\ubcf8 \uae30\ub2a5\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\uc740 R \ucf54\ub4dc\ub97c \ud568\uaed8 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc5ec \ubaa8\uc758 \ub370\uc774\ud130 \uc0dd\uc131\ubd80\ud130 \ubd84\uc11d, \uc2dc\uac01\ud654\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc644\ubcbd\ud558\uac8c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/waurimal.kr\/?p=890\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[399],"tags":[145,199,518,400,517],"class_list":["post-890","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-multilevel","tag-jamovi","tag-r","tag-robust","tag-400","tag-517"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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